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SFM Exam 1 > 1: Glycolysis > Flashcards

1: Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Overall equation for glycolysis

A

1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

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2
Q

Pyruvate fate in anaerobic vs aerobic glycolysis

A

Anaerobic: forms lactate
Aerobic: TCA cycle and oxphos

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3
Q

Cells that do glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis

A

Glycolysis: all cells
Gluconeogenesis: liver, kidney, small intestine

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4
Q

Three phase names for glycolysis

A

Investment, splitting, payoff

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5
Q

Three monosaccharides that can be used for glycolysis

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

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6
Q

Why is glucose important?

A

Only fuel for RBCs + only fuel for brain under non-starving conditions

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7
Q

Where GLUT1, 2, 3, and 4 are found

A

GLUT1: ubiquitous; high in RBC and brain
GLUT2: liver
GLUT3: neurons
GLUT4: skeletal muscle, heart, adipose

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8
Q

Affinity and Km relationship

A

Affinity and Km are inversely proportional

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9
Q

Affinity for each GLUT

A

GLUT1: high affinity
GLUT2: low affinity
GLUT3: high affinity
GLUT4: medium affinity

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10
Q

Which GLUT is insulin dependent?

A

GLUT4

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11
Q

What is the significance of forming G6P from glucose?

A

Traps glucose in the cell

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12
Q

Three regulated enzymes in glycolysis

A
  1. Hexokinase/glucokinase
  2. PFK-1
  3. Pyruvate kinase
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13
Q

Three overall things that influence activity of the three checkpoints in glycolysis

A
  1. Energy status (ATP/AMP)
  2. Fed status (glucose)
  3. Hormone status (insulin, glucagon)
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14
Q

Hexokinase vs glucokinase: location and affinity

A

Hexokinase: all cells; high affinity
Glucokinase: liver and pancreatic B cells; low affinity

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15
Q

One thing that inhibits hexokinase and glucokinase

A

G6P (its product)

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16
Q

Three molecules that activate PFK, three that inhibit it

A

Activate: AMP, F2,6BP, insulin
Inhibit: ATP, citrate, glucagon

17
Q

Two activators of pyruvate kinase and three inhibitors

A

Activators: F1,6BP, insulin
Inhibitors: ATP, alanine, glucagon

18
Q

What happens to PEP when pyruvate kinase is inhibited?

A

PEP goes into gluconeogenesis

19
Q

Which cell type is most effected by defective glycolysis enzymes

A

Those that lack mitochondria (ex: RBCs)

20
Q

What is the major clinical presentation involved in defective glycolysis?

A

Hemolytic anemia

21
Q

Which enzyme is linked to 95% of glycolysis-related anemias

A

Pyruvate kinase

22
Q

Type I vs Type II DM

A

I: loss of pancreatic B cells -> insulin deficiency
II: insulin resistance

23
Q

Two clinical markers of hemolytic anemia

A
  1. Elevated lactate dehydrogenase

2. Unconjugated bilirubin

24
Q

Fanconi-Bickel syndrome: mutation and what it causes

A

Mutation in GLUT2; unable to uptake glucose, fructose, and galactose

25
Q

Symptoms of Fanconi-Bickel syndrome

A

Fasting hypoglycemia, post-pyramidal hyperglycemia

26
Q

What enzyme forms F2,6BP and from what?

A

Enzyme: PFK-2; forms it from F6P

SFM Exam 1 (17 decks)

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