1. Extra Flashcards
orbital
region of space around nucleus, can hold up to two electrons with opposite spin
moving charge creates a magnetic field, one electrons spins up, other spins down
orbitals within subshells have same energy
lowest energy fills first
s orbitals
lowest energy, electrons are closest to nucleus
each shell has one s orbital
greater shell number greater radius of s orbital
p orbitals
each shell from n2 has 3 P orbitals
further away from the nucleus, sub-shells overlap
as energy gap gets smaller
number of electrons per orbital
number of electrons per shell
ascending order of orbitals energy
3D higher energy than 4S
4S fills before 3D
determine IE
highest energy electrons are lost first
ionisation
formation of charged particles
1st Ionisation Energy
energy required to remove one electron form each atom in a mole of gaseous atoms producing one mole of 1+ gaseous ions
2nd Ionisation Energy
energy required to remove one electron from one mole of gaseous unipositive ions
what does a high IE mean
harder to remove electron
Factors affecting IE
-atomic radius, e- easier to remove, outer e- feels reduced nuclear charge
-number of protons, more protons, increase force of attraction to nucleus
-shielding, repulsion by electrons in shells between electron and nucleus, more shielding outershell electrons held less tightly, so weaker force of atraction between nucleus and outer shell electron
-e-,e- repulsion lowers IE
ions
electrons lost from highest energy level first
lost from 4S before 3D
as electrons closest in energy so electrons are easier to loose
