1: Carbohydrates

Question 1

Why are organic compounds so important for the body?

Answer 1

Contain carbon atoms. Each carbon atom makes four bonds. Strong to other carbons to make long chains. Form tetrahedral shape and hence are 3D. Monomers and polymers formed. Great variety and complexity in living things

Question 2

What is carbohydrates used for

Answer 2

Usable energy source. Storing energy in plants animals and fungi and Bacteria. Important part of the cell wall

Question 3

What is sucrose

Answer 3

White crystalline sugar

Question 4

Basic elements of carbohydrates

Answer 4

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 5

What are monosaccharides

Answer 5

Simple sugars, one exigencies atom and 2 h atoms for each carbon present. (CH2O)n

Question 6

What are triose sugars

Answer 6

Type of monosaccharide. N=3 Have 3 carbon atoms. Importance in the mitochondria, glucose is broken down into trousers sugars during respiration

Question 7

What are pentose sugars

Answer 7

N=5 ribose and deoxyribose are important in the nucleic acid DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and ribonucleic acid RNA which makes up genetic material

Question 8

What are hexose sugars

Answer 8

N=6
Have 6 carbon atoms.
Best known monosaccharide. Often tastes sweet. Glucose, galactose and fructose

Question 9

Alpha glucose and beta glucose differences

Answer 9

They are isomers of eachother. Alpha glucose has the OH below, and beta glucose has the OH above
ABBA

Question 10

What are disaccharides

Answer 10

Two monosaccharide joined together. Eg sucrose is formed by molecule of alpha glucose and fructose. Joined by condensation reaction. Molecule of water produces.

Question 11

What is sucrose made out of

Answer 11

Alpha glucose and alpha fructose

Question 12

Where is sucrose found

Answer 12

Stored in plants such as sugar cane

Question 13

Lactose make of..

Answer 13

Alpha glucose and beta galactose

Question 14

Where is lactose from

Answer 14

Milk sugar.

Question 15

Maltose is made of..

Answer 15

Alpha glucose and alpha glucose

Question 16

Maltose is from

Answer 16

Malt sugar found in germinating seeds such as barley

Question 17

What does Benedictus solution test for

Answer 17

Reducing sugars. Bright blue solution that contains copper II ions. Heat with solution and reduces copper to copper I ions. And blue to orange colour change occurs.

Question 18

What are polysaccharides

Answer 18

Made of many monosaccharides units joined by condensation. Usually more than 11. Don’t have sweet taste. Very important to biological cells

Question 19

What are oligosachharides

Answer 19

Polysaccharides which have less than 11 repeating units

Question 20

How does the strictest of polysaccharides make them ideal as storage molecules?

Answer 20

They can from very compact molecules, which takes up little space. Physically and chemically inactive. Don’t interfere with other functions of the cell
Are not very soluble in water so have little effect on water pot withal within cell, causes no osmotic water movements

Question 21

What is hydrolysis

Answer 21

When glycosidic bonds are broken with the addition of water to form monosaccharides. Split, water is added, until eventually, single sugars are left,

Question 22

Where does hydrolysis take place

Answer 22

In the gut, muscles and liver cells. When the carbohydrates stored are broken down to release sugars for use in cellular respiration

Question 23

What is starch used for?

Answer 23

Energy store in plants. Sugars produced by photosynthesis are rapidly converted into starch which is insoluble and compact, but can be broke. Down rapidly to release glucose when it is needed,

Question 24

What is starch made of?

Answer 24

Long chains of alpha glucose, but this is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin

Question 25

What is amylose

Answer 25

Unbranched polymer made of lots of glucose molecules, as the chain lengthens the molecules spiral, which make it more compact for storage. I

Question 26

What is amylopectin

Answer 26

Branches polymer of glucose molecules, branching chains have many terminal glucose molecules that can be broken off rapidly and used when energy is needed

Question 27

Why is starch good in pasta

Answer 27

For sport. The amylopectin releases glucose for ellipse respiration rapidly when needed, and amylose releases glucose more slowly over a longer period of time.

Question 28

What is glycogen

Answer 28

Type of polysaccharides. Referred to as animal starch, as it is the only carbohydrates energy source found in animals. Also important in fungi.
Very similar to amylopectin, it is made up of alpha glucose units. It is very compact, but the glycogen molecule has more 1,6 glycosidic bonds which means more SIDE BRANCHES. Therefore broken down very rapidly. Makes it ideal for glucose source with in cells of high rate of cellular respiration

Question 29

What carbohydrates are found in plants?

Answer 29

Starch is main energy storage material in plants. Plant contains 70-80% of amylopectin and rest being amylose. Aswell as cellulose.

Question 30

What is cellulose

Answer 30

Important structure in plants. Cell wall is an important feature that gives plants strength and support. Made on insoluble cellulose. Much in common with starch and glycogen. Consists of long chains of glucose, however it has ALPHA AND BETA GLUCOSE. Beta are held together by 1,4. Have to be inverted for bonding to take place. Means OH group stick out both sides of molecule, and H BONDING can form between partially positively charged H atoms. And partially negative O. Cross linking occurs.

Question 31

Why is Hydrogen bonding in cellulose very important

Answer 31

Makes cellulose a material with considerable strength. They don’t coil or spiral, they remain very long and straight chains due to h bonds.

Question 32

Why is Difference between structure of starch and cellulose so important

Answer 32

Gives them very different functions and properties
Starch is important for every source in animals, however most animals don’t possess enzyme needed to break 1,4 bonds between molecule of beta glucose and hence can’t digest CELLULOSE. Cows and sheep’s use cellulose digesting enzymes from Batista and fungi in gut to do so.
Cellulose in plant food that acts as roughage or fibre in the human diet.