1: Carbohydrates Flashcards
Why are organic compounds so important for the body?
Contain carbon atoms. Each carbon atom makes four bonds. Strong to other carbons to make long chains. Form tetrahedral shape and hence are 3D. Monomers and polymers formed. Great variety and complexity in living things
What is carbohydrates used for
Usable energy source. Storing energy in plants animals and fungi and Bacteria. Important part of the cell wall
What is sucrose
White crystalline sugar
Basic elements of carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What are monosaccharides
Simple sugars, one exigencies atom and 2 h atoms for each carbon present. (CH2O)n
What are triose sugars
Type of monosaccharide. N=3 Have 3 carbon atoms. Importance in the mitochondria, glucose is broken down into trousers sugars during respiration
What are pentose sugars
N=5 ribose and deoxyribose are important in the nucleic acid DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and ribonucleic acid RNA which makes up genetic material
What are hexose sugars
N=6
Have 6 carbon atoms.
Best known monosaccharide. Often tastes sweet. Glucose, galactose and fructose
Alpha glucose and beta glucose differences
They are isomers of eachother. Alpha glucose has the OH below, and beta glucose has the OH above
ABBA
What are disaccharides
Two monosaccharide joined together. Eg sucrose is formed by molecule of alpha glucose and fructose. Joined by condensation reaction. Molecule of water produces.
What is sucrose made out of
Alpha glucose and alpha fructose
Where is sucrose found
Stored in plants such as sugar cane
Lactose make of..
Alpha glucose and beta galactose
Where is lactose from
Milk sugar.
Maltose is made of..
Alpha glucose and alpha glucose
Maltose is from
Malt sugar found in germinating seeds such as barley
What does Benedictus solution test for
Reducing sugars. Bright blue solution that contains copper II ions. Heat with solution and reduces copper to copper I ions. And blue to orange colour change occurs.
What are polysaccharides
Made of many monosaccharides units joined by condensation. Usually more than 11. Don’t have sweet taste. Very important to biological cells
What are oligosachharides
Polysaccharides which have less than 11 repeating units
How does the strictest of polysaccharides make them ideal as storage molecules?
They can from very compact molecules, which takes up little space. Physically and chemically inactive. Don’t interfere with other functions of the cell
Are not very soluble in water so have little effect on water pot withal within cell, causes no osmotic water movements
What is hydrolysis
When glycosidic bonds are broken with the addition of water to form monosaccharides. Split, water is added, until eventually, single sugars are left,
Where does hydrolysis take place
In the gut, muscles and liver cells. When the carbohydrates stored are broken down to release sugars for use in cellular respiration
What is starch used for?
Energy store in plants. Sugars produced by photosynthesis are rapidly converted into starch which is insoluble and compact, but can be broke. Down rapidly to release glucose when it is needed,
What is starch made of?
Long chains of alpha glucose, but this is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin
What is amylose
Unbranched polymer made of lots of glucose molecules, as the chain lengthens the molecules spiral, which make it more compact for storage. I
What is amylopectin
Branches polymer of glucose molecules, branching chains have many terminal glucose molecules that can be broken off rapidly and used when energy is needed
Why is starch good in pasta
For sport. The amylopectin releases glucose for ellipse respiration rapidly when needed, and amylose releases glucose more slowly over a longer period of time.
What is glycogen
Type of polysaccharides. Referred to as animal starch, as it is the only carbohydrates energy source found in animals. Also important in fungi.
Very similar to amylopectin, it is made up of alpha glucose units. It is very compact, but the glycogen molecule has more 1,6 glycosidic bonds which means more SIDE BRANCHES. Therefore broken down very rapidly. Makes it ideal for glucose source with in cells of high rate of cellular respiration
What carbohydrates are found in plants?
Starch is main energy storage material in plants. Plant contains 70-80% of amylopectin and rest being amylose. Aswell as cellulose.
What is cellulose
Important structure in plants. Cell wall is an important feature that gives plants strength and support. Made on insoluble cellulose. Much in common with starch and glycogen. Consists of long chains of glucose, however it has ALPHA AND BETA GLUCOSE. Beta are held together by 1,4. Have to be inverted for bonding to take place. Means OH group stick out both sides of molecule, and H BONDING can form between partially positively charged H atoms. And partially negative O. Cross linking occurs.
Why is Hydrogen bonding in cellulose very important
Makes cellulose a material with considerable strength. They don’t coil or spiral, they remain very long and straight chains due to h bonds.
Why is Difference between structure of starch and cellulose so important
Gives them very different functions and properties
Starch is important for every source in animals, however most animals don’t possess enzyme needed to break 1,4 bonds between molecule of beta glucose and hence can’t digest CELLULOSE. Cows and sheep’s use cellulose digesting enzymes from Batista and fungi in gut to do so.
Cellulose in plant food that acts as roughage or fibre in the human diet.
