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History -Art & culture > 1. art of Indus valley + Mauryan age > Flashcards

1. art of Indus valley + Mauryan age Flashcards

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1
Q

themes

A
  • Famous place : ancient Region
    ex: Bodhgaya : Baghelkhand
  • Chronology
    ex. Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar
    b) Rock-cut Elephant at Dhauli
    c) Rock-cut Monuments at Mahabalipuram
    d) Varaha Image at Udayagiri
  • Place of Pilgrimage : Location
    ex: Srisailam : Nallamala Hills
    ex. Virupaksha temple
    ex. Vijaya-Vittala temple

-Famous buddhist Shrine : Location

  • meaning of particular term
    ex. Panchayatan

-Famous Work of Sculpture
: Site
ex.image of Buddha’s Mahapariniravana : Ajanta

  • utility of particular architectural piece
    ex. Ibadat Khana of Fatehpur Sikri

-features of Indian rockcut
architecture
ex.oldest surviving ; made for whom ; for which faith -> Caves of badami,barabar,ellora

  • All about chaityas & viharas
    ex. What’s difference
  • all about Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara
    ex. what are they
  • Subject of important pillar inscriptions
    ex. allahabad inscription
  • important place : it’s present day location
    ex. Udayagiri Caves – Maharashtra
  • Monastery : State
    ex. Dhankar monastery Himachal Pradesh
  • Things related to tirthankars
    ex. statue of gomateswara

-Location of biggest monateries

  • Famous temples : which dynasty built
    ex: khajuraho : Chandela

-Lingaraja temple -> asked twice

  • Dynasty : painting in it’s reign
    ex: Kushanas – Gandhara school
  • Indus valley civilizatiion
    ex. Religious beliefs ; animals
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2
Q

Chronology of important temples,caves,images

A

a

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3
Q

place of pilgrimage : Hills name

A

a

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4
Q

All -Famous buddhist Shrine : Location

A

a

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5
Q

All imp Temples : location

A

a

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6
Q

Famous Work of Sculpture

: Site

A

a

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7
Q

meaning of particular terms

A

a

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8
Q

utility of particular architectural piece

A

a

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9
Q

features of Indian rockcut
architecture.
ex:oldest surviving ; made for whom ; for which faith

A

a

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10
Q

All about chaityas & viharas

ex.difference

A

a

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11
Q

all about Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara

ex.what are they

A

a

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12
Q

Subject of pillar inscriptions

A

Singhania (1.26)

Major

  1. Sarnath Lion Capital: Near Varanasi -> words Satyameva Jayate are written on this
  2. Vaishali Pillar, Bihar, single lion, with no inscription.
  3. Sankissa Pillar, Uttar Pradesh
  4. Lauriya-Nandangarth, Champaran, Bihar.
  5. Lauriya-Araraj, Champaran, Bihar
  6. Allahabad pillar, Uttar Pradesh.

Minor

Rummindei : Asokha’s visit to Lumbini & exemption of Lumbini from tax.
Nigalisagar, Nepal: It mentions that Asoka increased the height of stupa of Buddha Konakamana to its double size.

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13
Q

important place : it’s present day states location ex. Udayagiri Caves – Maharashtra

A

a

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14
Q

Monastery : State

A

a

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15
Q

structures related to tirthankars

A

a

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16
Q

Biggest monastries of concerned religion

A

a

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17
Q

Famous temples : which dynasty built

ex:khajuraho : Chandela

A

a

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18
Q

WTF is lingaraja temple

A

a

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19
Q

Dynasty : painting style in it’s reign

ex:Kushanas – Gandhara school

A

a

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20
Q

Indus valley civilizatiion

-religioous beliefs ; animals.

A

a

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21
Q

Harappan art is influenced by which region?

A

-influence of Mesopotamian art

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22
Q 
About bearded man
Where is it found?
made from what?
Interpreted as what?
supposed to be in which state?
A
  • @ Mohenjo-daro
  • from steatite
  • Interpreted as priest
  • supposed to be in meditative state
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23
Q 
About torso of a man
Where is it found?
made from what?
presence of socket holes?
special features of shoulders & belly?
A
  • @ harappa
  • made from Red sandstone
  • in the neck and shoulders for the attachment of head and arms.
  • shoulders are well baked & prominent belly.
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24
Q

What is a lost-wax technique?

A
  1. aadhi wax chi murti banvayachi
  2. mag clay coating dyayachi
  3. wax garam karayacha -> clay coating la holw padun garam wax baher kadhayacha
  4. same hole madhun molten metal insert karayacha.
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25
Q

About dancing girl
Where is it found?
made from what?
ornaments on body?

A
  • found @ mohenjo-daro
  • made from metal using lost-wax technique
  • is wearing bangles & necklace.
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26
Q

About bronze bull
Where is it found?
made from what?
feature?

A

@ mohenjo
-made from metal using lost-wax technique
-Massiveness & fury of the charge are
eloquently expressed.

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27
Q

what is terracotta ?name important figures?

A

terracotta = type of fired clay, typically of a brownish-red colour.

-mother goddess,bearded males,Toy carts : wheels,birds and animals

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28
Q

About mother godess
Where is it found?
made from what?
feature?

A
  • @mohenjo daro
  • terracotta
  • has necklace ; dokyavar kahitari topisarkha ahe ; very crude figure -> not sharp
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29
Q

seals found in IVC were made from ?

A
  • Mostly ->steatite

- occasionally : chert, copper,terracotta

30
Q

Figures of animals found on seals were?

A

Most often : Bull

-the elephant, tiger, goat and also monsters
,rhinoceros, tiger, bison,buffalo.

-trees or human figures were also depicted sometimes.

31
Q

about pashupathi seal/male deity
found where?
made of what?
which animals are surrounding him?

A
  • Made of steatite
  • Discovered at Mohenjo-Daro
  • elephant,tiger,rhinoceros & buffalo
32
Q

pottery in IVC

A
  • More wheel made ; less hand-made

- more plain(generally of red clay) ; less painted

33
Q

what is polychrome pottery of IVC?

A

-small vases decorated with geometric patterns using different colours

34
Q

what is perforated pottery? it’s use?

A
  • a large hole at the bottom and small holes all over the wall
  • used for straining beverages
35
Q

beads were made of? where are the factories of bead making are found?

A
  • jasper, crystal, quartz, steatite,lapis lazuli, etc.

- at Chanhudaro and Lothal

36
Q

what kind of jewellery is found?

A

necklaces of gold and semi-precious stones, copper bracelets and beads, gold earrings and head ornaments.

37
Q

what points towards existence of spinning of cotton & wool?

A

discovery of spindles and spindle whorls.

38
Q

Site -> Location -> Important Features and Findings

A
  1. Harappa -> Ravi river,punjab(paki) ->painted pottery ; mother goddess ; virgin goddess seal
  2. Mohenjodaro -> banks of indus river,markana punjab(pak) -> about 50% of total IVC seals found here ; great grannary ; great bath ; Bronze dancing girl, Bearded man ; pashupati seal.
  3. Lothal -> gulf of cambay,gujrat -> only port town of IVC -> houses facing road(only site ; everywhere else,doors away from road) ; bead making factory ; Persian and Iranian Seal, Baharainean seal
  4. Dholavira -> Rann of Kachchh -> Only site divided in 3 parts ;
  5. chanhudaro -> sindh on indus river -> only indus site without citadel ; use of lipstick ; bangle factory.

6.kalibangan -> Rajasthan on the
bank of Ghaggar river -> Baked/burnt bangles.

  1. Rakhigarhi-> Haryana -> Largest site, partially excavated.
  2. Surkotada Gujarat Bones of Horse (Only Site)
  3. Daimabad -> Maharastra -> southernmost site
  4. Mehrgarh -> Balochistan, Pakistan -> Earliest agricultural community
39
Q

What was used to build in indus valley?

the settlement was built on ?

A
  • mostly burnt bricks

- giant platforms and elevated grounds

40
Q

Town planning notes?

A
  • rectangular grid
  • 2 parts of town : 1.upper(for ruling class) 2.lower -> only dholavira had 3 parts
  • gypsum as mortar
  • roads intersecting @ right angles.
41
Q

houses in ivc

A
  • doors away from road(except lothal)
  • ventilated
  • private well,lavatory
42
Q

drainage system

A
  • covered

- soak pits for periodical cleaning

43
Q

which century saw starting of Buddhism and Jainism which were part of the shraman tradition ? when did ashoka burst to the scene ? whose worship was prevelent in this period?

A
  • 6th century
  • ashoka patronised in 3rd century
  • Worship of Yakshas and mother goddesses
44
Q

palaces? locations?

A
  • using wood.
  • famous for Central Pillar halls.
  • at Kumrahar and Pataliputra
45
Q

4 parts of pillars?

A

shaft : formed base -> monolith

capital : lotus or bell shaped

abacus : circular/rectangular base above capital

animal figure : mostly bull,lion,elephant

46
Q

locations of existing pillars with capital figures(capital figure mhnje top la ek prani asto)

A

Basarah-Bakhira, Lauriya-Nandangarh ,Sarnath.

47
Q

Ashokan pillars
made from?
edicts(सूचना) on pillars in?
main purpose?

A
  • chunar sandstone
  • most : in Pali and Prakrit ; few : in Greek or Aramaic
  • spread the Buddhist ideology and court orders
48
Q

Location of Ashoka’s 7 pillar edicts?their subjects?

A

Topra (Delhi), Meerut, Kausambhi, Rampurva, Champaran, Mehrauli:

Pillar Edict I: Asoka’s principle of protection to people.

Pillar Edict II: Defines Dhamma as the minimum of sins, many virtues, compassion, liberality, truthfulness, and purity.

Pillar Edict III: Abolishes sins of harshness, cruelty, anger, pride, etc.

Pillar Edict IV: Deals with duties of Rajukas.

Pillar Edict V: List of animals and birds which should not be killed on some days and another list of animals which have not to be killed at all.

Pillar Edict VI: Dhamma policy

Pillar Edict VII: Works done by Asoka for Dhamma policy.

49
Q

Similarities and differences of Mauryan and Achaemenian Pillars

A

Similarities

  1. polished
  2. text inscribed(lihilay kahitari)
  3. Likhan 3rd person madhe chalu hota,1st person madhe sampata.

Difference
1.Acha -> part of some larger architectural scheme
Mauryan -> standalone

2.Acha -> separate stones used
Mauryan -> monolith

3.Acha -> riged surface
Mauryan -> smooth surface

50
Q

what is achamenid

A

relating to the dynasty ruling in Persia from Cyrus I to Darius III (553–330 BC).

51
Q 
Lion capital sarnath
Built in commemoration of ?
by whom?
it's original 5 parts?
Where is this thing used?
abacus var kay kay ahe?
A
  • first sermon or Dhammachakrapravartana by Buddha
  • ashoka
  • 1.shaft 2.lotus bell base 3.drum on bell base with 4 animals 4. 4 lions 5. crowning element
  • capital without the crowning wheel and the lotus base used as National Emblem of Independent India.

-a chakra (wheel) in all the four directions and a bull, a horse, an elephant and a
lion (BEHL)

52
Q

structure of stupas

A

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/a3/4b/6b/a34b6b8c748a53f88869725f7e2d7dc8.jpg

53
Q

what is stupa?
how is buddha depicted in stupa?
which events are depicted on stupa?

A
  • burial mounds
  • through footprints, stupas, lotus throne, chakra, etc.
  • The events from the life of the Buddha, the Jataka stories-> on the railings and torans ex.shibi rajachi gosht
54
Q

what is difference in chaitya & viharas?
related to which religion?
which religion has highest number of them?

A

1)• Viharas = Residential quarters for Monks.
• Chaityas or Chaityagriha = Worship place

2) chaitya,viharas & stupa are related to buddhism & jainism
3) buddhism

55
Q

at the death of buddha 9 stupas were erected,give location.

tyanchya madhe kay ahe?

A

1)at Rajagraha, Vaishali, Kapilavastu,
Allakappa, Ramagrama, Vethadipa, Pava, Kushinagar and Pippalvina.

2)8 of them had the relics of Buddha at their medhi while the ninth had the pot in
which the relics were originally kept.

56
Q

features of cave architecture?

important location?

A
  • highly polished finish of interior walls and decorative gateways.
  • Lomas Rishi caves and Rock-cut elephant at Dhauli in Orissa
57
Q

Lomus Rishi Caves
location?hills?
donated by whom to whom?
features?

A
  • at Barabar hills near Gaya in Bihar
  • was donated by Ashoka for the Ajivika sect
  • semi-circular chaitya arch as the entrance.
58
Q

what are sculptres?
which are the usually used ones ?
who are they?

A
  • sculpters mhnje शिल्प -> te banavanara शिल्पकार
  • Yakshas ,Yakshinis and mother goddesses -> usually created

-yaksha is the male guard and Yakshini is the female guard of lord kubera and his wealth. -> prevelant @ Patna, Vidisha and
Mathura.

59
Q 
features of Yakshini at Didarganj
size?
made from what?
what's in hand?
ornaments?
A

1) life sized
2) Made of sandstone
3) Holding a Chauri in right one
4) Thick bell ornaments adorn the feet

60
Q

Pottery of mauryan period
reffered as?
characterised by?
main centres?

A
  • Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW).
  • had black paint, lustrous finish
  • Kosambi and Patliputra
61
Q

DHARMACHAKRA MUDRA

A
  • of ‘Teaching of the Wheel of Dharma’

- both hand held against the chest

62
Q

DHYAN MUDRA

A
  • Samadhi or Yoga mudra

- both hands placed on the lap

63
Q

BHUMISPARSHA MUDRA

A
  • represents buddha’s awakening

- right hand touching ground

64
Q

VARADA MUDRA:

A
  • represents the offering, welcome, charity, giving, compassion and sincerity
  • Bhumisparsha mudre sarkhi ahe ->fakt right hand samorchya bajune ughadlela ahe -> bhumisparsha madhe front side la hatacha magcha bhag yeto
65
Q

KARANA MUDRA

A
  • warding off evil

- rock wali mudra :-)

66
Q

VAJRA MUDRA

A
  • fiery thunderbolt -> i.e., air, water, fire, earth, and metal.
  • davya hatacha index finger ujavya hatachya inclosed muthit place kelay.
67
Q

VITARKA MUDRA

A

-discussion and transmission of the
teachings of the Buddha.

-chhati javal index finger la angatha lavun ,3 urleli bota straight -> marathi madhe ekdum chhan je vaparato apan te basically

68
Q

ABHAYA MUDRA

A
  • fearlessness or blessing

- ek ashirwad denara haat ; ek lap var

69
Q

UTTARABODHI MUDRA

A
  • enlightnment , connecting oneself to divine energy

- chhati javal donhi haat ek-mekat ; index finger straight ahet fakt -> bakiche fingers clasped

70
Q

ANJALI MUDRA

A
  • greeting gesture

- namskar karto apan tasa ahe

History -Art & culture (8 decks)

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