1. art of Indus valley + Mauryan age Flashcards
themes
- Famous place : ancient Region
ex: Bodhgaya : Baghelkhand - Chronology
ex. Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar
b) Rock-cut Elephant at Dhauli
c) Rock-cut Monuments at Mahabalipuram
d) Varaha Image at Udayagiri - Place of Pilgrimage : Location
ex: Srisailam : Nallamala Hills
ex. Virupaksha temple
ex. Vijaya-Vittala temple
-Famous buddhist Shrine : Location
- meaning of particular term
ex. Panchayatan
-Famous Work of Sculpture
: Site
ex.image of Buddha’s Mahapariniravana : Ajanta
- utility of particular architectural piece
ex. Ibadat Khana of Fatehpur Sikri
-features of Indian rockcut
architecture
ex.oldest surviving ; made for whom ; for which faith -> Caves of badami,barabar,ellora
- All about chaityas & viharas
ex. What’s difference - all about Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara
ex. what are they - Subject of important pillar inscriptions
ex. allahabad inscription - important place : it’s present day location
ex. Udayagiri Caves – Maharashtra - Monastery : State
ex. Dhankar monastery Himachal Pradesh - Things related to tirthankars
ex. statue of gomateswara
-Location of biggest monateries
- Famous temples : which dynasty built
ex: khajuraho : Chandela
-Lingaraja temple -> asked twice
- Dynasty : painting in it’s reign
ex: Kushanas – Gandhara school - Indus valley civilizatiion
ex. Religious beliefs ; animals
Chronology of important temples,caves,images
a
place of pilgrimage : Hills name
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All -Famous buddhist Shrine : Location
a
All imp Temples : location
a
Famous Work of Sculpture
: Site
a
meaning of particular terms
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utility of particular architectural piece
a
features of Indian rockcut
architecture.
ex:oldest surviving ; made for whom ; for which faith
a
All about chaityas & viharas
ex.difference
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all about Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara
ex.what are they
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Subject of pillar inscriptions
Singhania (1.26)
Major
- Sarnath Lion Capital: Near Varanasi -> words Satyameva Jayate are written on this
- Vaishali Pillar, Bihar, single lion, with no inscription.
- Sankissa Pillar, Uttar Pradesh
- Lauriya-Nandangarth, Champaran, Bihar.
- Lauriya-Araraj, Champaran, Bihar
- Allahabad pillar, Uttar Pradesh.
Minor
Rummindei : Asokha’s visit to Lumbini & exemption of Lumbini from tax.
Nigalisagar, Nepal: It mentions that Asoka increased the height of stupa of Buddha Konakamana to its double size.
important place : it’s present day states location ex. Udayagiri Caves – Maharashtra
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Monastery : State
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structures related to tirthankars
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Biggest monastries of concerned religion
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Famous temples : which dynasty built
ex:khajuraho : Chandela
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WTF is lingaraja temple
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Dynasty : painting style in it’s reign
ex:Kushanas – Gandhara school
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Indus valley civilizatiion
-religioous beliefs ; animals.
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Harappan art is influenced by which region?
-influence of Mesopotamian art
About bearded man Where is it found? made from what? Interpreted as what? supposed to be in which state?
- @ Mohenjo-daro
- from steatite
- Interpreted as priest
- supposed to be in meditative state
About torso of a man Where is it found? made from what? presence of socket holes? special features of shoulders & belly?
- @ harappa
- made from Red sandstone
- in the neck and shoulders for the attachment of head and arms.
- shoulders are well baked & prominent belly.
What is a lost-wax technique?
- aadhi wax chi murti banvayachi
- mag clay coating dyayachi
- wax garam karayacha -> clay coating la holw padun garam wax baher kadhayacha
- same hole madhun molten metal insert karayacha.
About dancing girl
Where is it found?
made from what?
ornaments on body?
- found @ mohenjo-daro
- made from metal using lost-wax technique
- is wearing bangles & necklace.
About bronze bull
Where is it found?
made from what?
feature?
@ mohenjo
-made from metal using lost-wax technique
-Massiveness & fury of the charge are
eloquently expressed.
what is terracotta ?name important figures?
terracotta = type of fired clay, typically of a brownish-red colour.
-mother goddess,bearded males,Toy carts : wheels,birds and animals
About mother godess
Where is it found?
made from what?
feature?
- @mohenjo daro
- terracotta
- has necklace ; dokyavar kahitari topisarkha ahe ; very crude figure -> not sharp
seals found in IVC were made from ?
- Mostly ->steatite
- occasionally : chert, copper,terracotta
Figures of animals found on seals were?
Most often : Bull
-the elephant, tiger, goat and also monsters
,rhinoceros, tiger, bison,buffalo.
-trees or human figures were also depicted sometimes.
about pashupathi seal/male deity
found where?
made of what?
which animals are surrounding him?
- Made of steatite
- Discovered at Mohenjo-Daro
- elephant,tiger,rhinoceros & buffalo
pottery in IVC
- More wheel made ; less hand-made
- more plain(generally of red clay) ; less painted
what is polychrome pottery of IVC?
-small vases decorated with geometric patterns using different colours
what is perforated pottery? it’s use?
- a large hole at the bottom and small holes all over the wall
- used for straining beverages
beads were made of? where are the factories of bead making are found?
- jasper, crystal, quartz, steatite,lapis lazuli, etc.
- at Chanhudaro and Lothal
what kind of jewellery is found?
necklaces of gold and semi-precious stones, copper bracelets and beads, gold earrings and head ornaments.
what points towards existence of spinning of cotton & wool?
discovery of spindles and spindle whorls.
Site -> Location -> Important Features and Findings
- Harappa -> Ravi river,punjab(paki) ->painted pottery ; mother goddess ; virgin goddess seal
- Mohenjodaro -> banks of indus river,markana punjab(pak) -> about 50% of total IVC seals found here ; great grannary ; great bath ; Bronze dancing girl, Bearded man ; pashupati seal.
- Lothal -> gulf of cambay,gujrat -> only port town of IVC -> houses facing road(only site ; everywhere else,doors away from road) ; bead making factory ; Persian and Iranian Seal, Baharainean seal
- Dholavira -> Rann of Kachchh -> Only site divided in 3 parts ;
- chanhudaro -> sindh on indus river -> only indus site without citadel ; use of lipstick ; bangle factory.
6.kalibangan -> Rajasthan on the
bank of Ghaggar river -> Baked/burnt bangles.
- Rakhigarhi-> Haryana -> Largest site, partially excavated.
- Surkotada Gujarat Bones of Horse (Only Site)
- Daimabad -> Maharastra -> southernmost site
- Mehrgarh -> Balochistan, Pakistan -> Earliest agricultural community
What was used to build in indus valley?
the settlement was built on ?
- mostly burnt bricks
- giant platforms and elevated grounds
Town planning notes?
- rectangular grid
- 2 parts of town : 1.upper(for ruling class) 2.lower -> only dholavira had 3 parts
- gypsum as mortar
- roads intersecting @ right angles.
houses in ivc
- doors away from road(except lothal)
- ventilated
- private well,lavatory
drainage system
- covered
- soak pits for periodical cleaning
which century saw starting of Buddhism and Jainism which were part of the shraman tradition ? when did ashoka burst to the scene ? whose worship was prevelent in this period?
- 6th century
- ashoka patronised in 3rd century
- Worship of Yakshas and mother goddesses
palaces? locations?
- using wood.
- famous for Central Pillar halls.
- at Kumrahar and Pataliputra
4 parts of pillars?
shaft : formed base -> monolith
capital : lotus or bell shaped
abacus : circular/rectangular base above capital
animal figure : mostly bull,lion,elephant
locations of existing pillars with capital figures(capital figure mhnje top la ek prani asto)
Basarah-Bakhira, Lauriya-Nandangarh ,Sarnath.
Ashokan pillars
made from?
edicts(सूचना) on pillars in?
main purpose?
- chunar sandstone
- most : in Pali and Prakrit ; few : in Greek or Aramaic
- spread the Buddhist ideology and court orders
Location of Ashoka’s 7 pillar edicts?their subjects?
Topra (Delhi), Meerut, Kausambhi, Rampurva, Champaran, Mehrauli:
Pillar Edict I: Asoka’s principle of protection to people.
Pillar Edict II: Defines Dhamma as the minimum of sins, many virtues, compassion, liberality, truthfulness, and purity.
Pillar Edict III: Abolishes sins of harshness, cruelty, anger, pride, etc.
Pillar Edict IV: Deals with duties of Rajukas.
Pillar Edict V: List of animals and birds which should not be killed on some days and another list of animals which have not to be killed at all.
Pillar Edict VI: Dhamma policy
Pillar Edict VII: Works done by Asoka for Dhamma policy.
Similarities and differences of Mauryan and Achaemenian Pillars
Similarities
- polished
- text inscribed(lihilay kahitari)
- Likhan 3rd person madhe chalu hota,1st person madhe sampata.
Difference
1.Acha -> part of some larger architectural scheme
Mauryan -> standalone
2.Acha -> separate stones used
Mauryan -> monolith
3.Acha -> riged surface
Mauryan -> smooth surface
what is achamenid
relating to the dynasty ruling in Persia from Cyrus I to Darius III (553–330 BC).
Lion capital sarnath Built in commemoration of ? by whom? it's original 5 parts? Where is this thing used? abacus var kay kay ahe?
- first sermon or Dhammachakrapravartana by Buddha
- ashoka
- 1.shaft 2.lotus bell base 3.drum on bell base with 4 animals 4. 4 lions 5. crowning element
- capital without the crowning wheel and the lotus base used as National Emblem of Independent India.
-a chakra (wheel) in all the four directions and a bull, a horse, an elephant and a
lion (BEHL)
structure of stupas
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/a3/4b/6b/a34b6b8c748a53f88869725f7e2d7dc8.jpg
what is stupa?
how is buddha depicted in stupa?
which events are depicted on stupa?
- burial mounds
- through footprints, stupas, lotus throne, chakra, etc.
- The events from the life of the Buddha, the Jataka stories-> on the railings and torans ex.shibi rajachi gosht
what is difference in chaitya & viharas?
related to which religion?
which religion has highest number of them?
1)• Viharas = Residential quarters for Monks.
• Chaityas or Chaityagriha = Worship place
2) chaitya,viharas & stupa are related to buddhism & jainism
3) buddhism
at the death of buddha 9 stupas were erected,give location.
tyanchya madhe kay ahe?
1)at Rajagraha, Vaishali, Kapilavastu,
Allakappa, Ramagrama, Vethadipa, Pava, Kushinagar and Pippalvina.
2)8 of them had the relics of Buddha at their medhi while the ninth had the pot in
which the relics were originally kept.
features of cave architecture?
important location?
- highly polished finish of interior walls and decorative gateways.
- Lomas Rishi caves and Rock-cut elephant at Dhauli in Orissa
Lomus Rishi Caves
location?hills?
donated by whom to whom?
features?
- at Barabar hills near Gaya in Bihar
- was donated by Ashoka for the Ajivika sect
- semi-circular chaitya arch as the entrance.
what are sculptres?
which are the usually used ones ?
who are they?
- sculpters mhnje शिल्प -> te banavanara शिल्पकार
- Yakshas ,Yakshinis and mother goddesses -> usually created
-yaksha is the male guard and Yakshini is the female guard of lord kubera and his wealth. -> prevelant @ Patna, Vidisha and
Mathura.
features of Yakshini at Didarganj size? made from what? what's in hand? ornaments?
1) life sized
2) Made of sandstone
3) Holding a Chauri in right one
4) Thick bell ornaments adorn the feet
Pottery of mauryan period
reffered as?
characterised by?
main centres?
- Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW).
- had black paint, lustrous finish
- Kosambi and Patliputra
DHARMACHAKRA MUDRA
- of ‘Teaching of the Wheel of Dharma’
- both hand held against the chest
DHYAN MUDRA
- Samadhi or Yoga mudra
- both hands placed on the lap
BHUMISPARSHA MUDRA
- represents buddha’s awakening
- right hand touching ground
VARADA MUDRA:
- represents the offering, welcome, charity, giving, compassion and sincerity
- Bhumisparsha mudre sarkhi ahe ->fakt right hand samorchya bajune ughadlela ahe -> bhumisparsha madhe front side la hatacha magcha bhag yeto
KARANA MUDRA
- warding off evil
- rock wali mudra :-)
VAJRA MUDRA
- fiery thunderbolt -> i.e., air, water, fire, earth, and metal.
- davya hatacha index finger ujavya hatachya inclosed muthit place kelay.
VITARKA MUDRA
-discussion and transmission of the
teachings of the Buddha.
-chhati javal index finger la angatha lavun ,3 urleli bota straight -> marathi madhe ekdum chhan je vaparato apan te basically
ABHAYA MUDRA
- fearlessness or blessing
- ek ashirwad denara haat ; ek lap var
UTTARABODHI MUDRA
- enlightnment , connecting oneself to divine energy
- chhati javal donhi haat ek-mekat ; index finger straight ahet fakt -> bakiche fingers clasped
ANJALI MUDRA
- greeting gesture
- namskar karto apan tasa ahe
