Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory Block > 1- anatomy of breathing 2 > Flashcards

1- anatomy of breathing 2 Flashcards

1
Q

at what point does upper respiratory tract turn to lower respiratory tract?

A

C6 vertebra
- larynx turns to trachea
- pharynx turns to oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where can trachea be palpated?

A

at jugular notch of manubrium - if place finger just above jugular notch, can feel rings of trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the isthmus and where is it?

A

connecting part of of thyroid gland - it’s anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the thorax?

A

area between neck & abdomen where lungs are

  • has 2 parts; chest wall & chest cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what makes up chest wall?

A

consist of skeletal structure (ribs, vertebrae, scapulae, clavicles) and overlying soft tissue (skeletal muscles, fascia & skin)

*also breast tissue in females stick to ribs and are important for lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 2 types of pleura and what are pleura?

A

pleura = lining

there is visceral pleura that lines organs and parietal organs (that lines body wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does lungs develop with pleura?

A
  • chest filled with 2 pleural cavities (think like balloon)
  • lung develops and pushes into pleural cavity but will never enter pleura cavity (displaces pleural cavity around itself)
  • any part of pleural cavity that becomes in contact with lung is known as visceral pleura
  • lung grows in size until visceral pleura pretty much touch parietal pleura and in between, small pleura cavity with tiny amount of pleural fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is function of pleural fluid?

A

it brings surface tension that causes visceral pleura to stick to parietal pleura - this surface tension important in respiratory mechanics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the fissures of lung lobes?

A
  • fissures = separate lung lobes
  • both have oblique fissures that go diagonally down separating superior & inferior lobe
  • only right lung has horizontal fissure separating superior & middle lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the intercostal muscles?

A

3 layers of skeletal muscles within intercostal spaces:
- external intercostal muscles
- internal intercostal muscle
- innermost intercostal muscle

= pull adjacent ribs up & out in breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the primary muscle of respiration?

A

diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many intercostal spaces do we have?

A

11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what makes up intercostal neurovascular bundle and where is it found?

A

neurovascular bundle = vein, artery, nerve (VAN)

  • groove on lower border of rib
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is intercostal nerve?

A

anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve that supplies anterolateral spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where does intercostal artery arise from?

A
  • arises from aorta if posterior
  • arises from internal thoracic artery

the posterior & anterior intercostal arteries then anastomose at midpoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where do intercostal veins drain to?

A
  • posteriorly drains into azygous vein
  • anteriorly drains into internal thoracic vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A
  • internal part of body wall (parietal structure) that forms floor of chest cavity and roof of abdominal cavity (separates thorax & abdomen)
  • from superior view= a number of openings can be seen e.g. inferior vena cava, oesophagus, aorta
  • diaphragm has unusual central tendon (one of the holes (for inferior vena cava) passes through central tendon)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the difference in right & left domes of diaphragm?

A

right dome significantly higher than left as lever sits below right dome and pushes diaphragm up (left hand side has stomach & spleen which are much smaller attachments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do the muscular parts of diaphragm attach to?

A
  • attach peripherally to sternum.
  • lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages are also attached
  • posteriorly attached to L1-3 vertebral bodies
20
Q

what nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve = formed by anterior rami of spinal nerves C3,4,5

21
Q

what is the route of phrenic nerves?

A
  • passes through muscle in neck, sits on muscle called scalenus anterior muscle (on R&L)
  • descends into thorax, passes on lateral aspects of heart - over surface of pericardium (passes anterior to root of lung)
  • supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to the diaphragm & fibrous pericardium
  • supplies somatic motor axons to the diaphragm
22
Q

what is the pneumonic about the phrenic nerves and diagram?

A

phrenic nerves C3,4,5 keeps diaphragm alive

  • causes diaphragm to move (somatic motor) and relays sensory information from body wall (somatic sensory)
23
Q

what are the axillary lines - surface anatomy?

A

underneath the arm divisions - the axilla

there is anterior, middle & posterior axillary lines

24
Q

what is the female breast anatomy?

A

= can be divided into quadrants referred to as:

  • superomedial quadrant (upper inner)
  • superolateral quadrant (upper outer)
  • inferolateral quadrant (lower outer)
  • inferomedial quadrant (lower inner)

also axillary tail (associated with upper outer quadrant - where breast goes up to arm)

25
Q

what is involved in complete examinations of breast?

A

all 4 quadrants, nipple, areola, axillary tail & regional lymphatics

26
Q

what arteries & veins predominantly supply the breast?

A

subclavian and internal thoracic artery (branch of subclavian)

subclavian and internal thoracic vein (internal thoracic drains to subclavian)

27
Q

where do lateral quadrants of breast lymphatics drain to?

A

lateral quadrants (upper outer and lower outer) will drain unilaterally to axillary lymph nodes

28
Q

where do medial quadrants of breast lymphatics drain to?

A

medial quadrants (upper inner and lower inner) will drain bilaterally to parasternal nodes (drain to both r&l parasternal nodes)

29
Q

what are the layers of chest from superficial to deep?

A

skin →superficial fascia (layer of fat) →deep fascia (grey fibrous, tough) →skeletal muscles (pectoralis major, deltoid, serratus anterior)

30
Q

what is serratus anterior nerve?

A

nerve found on superficial surface (long thoracic nerve) of serratus anterior muscle that anchors scapula to ribs (unusual as usually nerve runs deep)

31
Q

what is problem with serratus anterior nerve over serratus anterior muscle?

A

it runs superficial so is vulnerable to injury and means that if not working then scapula no longer anchored to thoracic wall (winged scapula surface anatomy look)
- viewed by asking patient to push on wall

32
Q

what does subclavian artery/vein turn into?

A

as progress laterally they undergo name change once past rib 1 to axillary artery & vein

33
Q

where are internal thoracic artery & veins found and what do they do?

A

they run either side of sternum on anterior chest wall (deep)
- the intercostal artery& veins come to and from intercostal vessels and supply & drain breast tissue

34
Q

what is the only part of lungs that is connected?

A

the hilum (root)

35
Q

what are the different parietal pleura?

A

cervical parietal pleura, costal parietal pleura, mediastinal parietal pleura, diaphragmatic parietal pleura

36
Q

what is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

inferior space = most dependant part of thoracic cavity when someone standing upright (deepest part of pleural cavity so any abnormal fluid collects there which ends at costophrenic angle)

  • located between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura

*sits below position of the lung tissue itself, left base descends into it during full inspiration

37
Q

what does costodiaphragmatic recess look like on radiograph if abnormal fluid in pleural cavity?

A

has blunting appearance (not as good angle)

38
Q

what structures are within root (hilum) of lung?

A
  • primary bronchus
  • pulmonary artery
  • 2 pulmonary veins
  • visceral afferents (sensory nerves to lungs)
  • sympathetic nerves
  • parasympathetic nerves
  • pulmonary lymph nodes
39
Q

what is lingula?

A

unique ro superior lobe of left lung = tongue of lung tissue

40
Q

what is arrangement of lung root?

A

most posterior structure = airway (primary bronchus)

most superior = pulmonary artery

most inferior = pulmonary veins

*pulmonary lymph nodes usually interspersed amongst all these structures at hilum

41
Q

what do normal breathing sounds sound like?

A

rustling in nature

42
Q

what areas of lung do you auscultate?

A

all 5 lung lobes, the apices & the bases

43
Q

where are each of the lobes in relation to surface anatomy?

A

above rib 4 = superior lobe
right rib 4-6 = middle lobe

44
Q

where are the fissures of lungs related to in surface anatomy?

A

horizontal fissure (splitting superior & middle) = rib 4 so above rib 4 is superior, below rib 4 is middle lobe

oblique fissure = anterior at rib 6 and arises posteriorly at T3 vertebrae

45
Q

where is apex of lung on surface anatomy?

A

superior to medial 1/3rd of clavicle

46
Q

what can be used as landmark to auscultate lower lobe posteriorly?

A

scapular line = vertically passing inferior angle of scapula

auscultate lung base at T11 vertebral level

Respiratory Block (46 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions