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Respiratory Block > 1- Anatomy of breathing 1 > Flashcards

1- Anatomy of breathing 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are alveoli?

A

thin walled air sacs, that have thin walled capillaries along surface. this histological arrangement allows diffusion of oxygen from alveoli →blood and CO2 from blood →alveoli

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2
Q

what makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nasal cavity
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx (voicebox)
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3
Q

what makes up lower respiratory tract?

A
  • trachea - bifurcates into right & left main bronchus (primary bronchus)
  • then into lobar bronchi (3 in right and 2 in left = 1 lobar bronchi for each lobe)
  • segmental bronchi: both right & left have 10 bronchopulmonary segments so 10 segmental bronchi for left & right
  • then into bronchioles then alveoli where gas exchange takes place
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4
Q

where is the divide of upper & lower respiratory tract?

A

at level of C6 vertebra

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5
Q

what happens at level of C6 vertebra?

A
  1. larynx becomes trachea
  2. pharynx becomes oesophagus

*where upper becomes lower respiratory tract

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6
Q

what are the different parts of the pharynx?

A

top = nasal pharynx (sitting behind nasal cavity)
middle = oropharynx (sitting behind oral cavity)
bottom = laryngopharynx/hypopharynx (sitting behind larynx)

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7
Q

what level does trachea bifurcate?

A

at level of sternal angle (T4)

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8
Q

what are the lobes on each lung?

A

right lung = upper, middle & lower lobe
left lung = upper & lower lobe

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9
Q

what is lingula?

A

left lung has extension on upper lobe instead of middle lobe(tongue like)

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10
Q

what are fissures?

A

deep crevices/spaces between each lung lobe

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11
Q

what supply does each lung lobe and each bronchopulmonary segment have?

A

it’s own air supply, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, nerve supply
= this means surgeons can remove a segment of lung rather than a whole lung or lobe

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12
Q

what is mucociliary escalator?

A

epithelium has mucous glands that secrete mucous onto epithelial surface. the cilia on surface will beat to sweep mucous superiorly towards pharynx and once in pharynx swallowed down into stomach

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13
Q

what are problems with mucociliary escalator?

A

cooling/drying of mucosa or toxins in cigarette smoke both interfere with normal beating and can cause cough

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14
Q

what parts of respiratory tract contain epithelial cells?

A

epithelial cells line the inside of bronchial tree all the way from trachea to segmental bronchus (not on bronchioles & alveoli)

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15
Q

what is purpose of hyaline cartilage in walls? and where is it?

A

to assist with patency of airways (holding them open)
= from trachea to segmental bronchi - reduces as moves down the tree

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16
Q

where is smooth muscle found in respiratory tract?

A

from trachea to bronchioles - becomes more prominent as moves through respiratory tree

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17
Q

restriction of bronchioles occurs in some diseases - what does it sound like?

A

a wheeze = the sound of air trying to pass down restricted bronchioles

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18
Q

what are the 4 principles of respiratory system?

A
  1. enough O2 and CO2 can diffuse between alveolus and blood at the pulmonary capillary beds
  2. We must ensure that we can move air freely into and out of our lungs
  3. We must ensure that we move warm, moist, “clean” air into and out of our lungs
  4. We must protect the lungs
19
Q

what are the main requirements to allow enough oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse betwen alveoli & blood? (principle 1)

A
  1. sufficient functioning lung tissue
  2. sufficient oxygen in the air we breathe
  3. no carbon dioxide in the air we breathe
  4. minimal thickness of walls of alveoli to facilitate diffusion
  5. minimal tissue fluid in tissue spaces around alveoli capillaries to facilitate diffusion (if build up of tissue fluid (oedema) then excess fluid would prevent diffusion of gases)
20
Q

what are the main dangers that would prevent air moving freely into and out of lungs?

A
  1. narrowing respiratory tract (bronchioles constriction, swelling of mucosa lining from overproduction of mucus, growing tumour that externally compresses tract)
  2. foreign bodies inhaled which may partially or completely stop breathing
21
Q

how many nasal cavities are there in the skull?

A

2 - right next to each other, separated by internal wall (septum)

22
Q

what makes up the nasal septum?

A
  • bony (posterior) part of the nasal septum ethmoid bone (superiorly) & vomer (inferiorly)
  • cartilaginous (anterior) part of the nasal septum
23
Q

what forms the floor and the roof of nasal cavity?

A

floor = formed by palate
roof = midline part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa

24
Q

what are the cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • epiglottis = lid that closes over top of larynx when we swallow making sure food goes into oesophagus not trachea
  • thyroid cartilage (big one at front) = adams apple (big in males)
  • cricoid cartilage (small one)
  • arytenoid cartilages = 2 posterior ones
25
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

lid that closes over top of larynx when we swallow making sure food goes into oesophagus not trachea

26
Q

what is the adams apple?

A

thyroid cartilage part of the larynx

27
Q

what are the functions of the larynx?

A
  • help maintain patency (clear, unobstructed) of the upper respiratory tract
  • helps prevent entry of foreign bodies (via the vocal chords)
  • produces sound (via vocal cords)
28
Q

what is the laryngeal inlet?

A

way the air pases down into larynx from pharynx

29
Q

what is the rima glottidis?

A

narrowest part of larynx - where common blockage of foreign bodies

vocal chords (folds of tissue form them)

30
Q

where are vocal ligaments (cords)?

A

in larynx - extending from arytenoid cartilages forward to thyroid cartilages

31
Q

what is the function of vocal ligaments (voicebox/larynx)?

A
  1. airway protection (vocal cords can close rima glottidis, preventing foreign body inhaled - cough reflex stimulated to expel via pharynx & oral cavity)
  2. voice production: phonation (producing sound by expiring air across cords and cords vibrating) and articulation (producing speech by sound modified in nose & mouth)
32
Q

what does the heimlich manoeuvre aim to do?

A

raise abdominal pressure which will force diaphragm superiorly which raise pressure in chest which will raise pressure in lungs which will force air from lungs into trachea which will force air through rima glottidis to expel foreign body

33
Q

what are main dangers of compromising warm, moist and clean air into lungs?

A
  1. cooling and drying out of the respiratory tract = damages the mucociliary escalator & predisposes to infection
  2. breathing in infected foreign bodies or bacteria/viruses etc. = causes infection (commonly of the nose/throat/larynx/lungs)
34
Q

what are the conchae?

A

bony projections covered with respiratory mucosa = outpouching on lateral nasal walls that increase surface area

  • space below conchae = meatus
35
Q

how does conchae warm the air?

A

when we breathe in - air rushes past conchae producing turbulent blood flow and because we have warm mucosa due to good arterial blood supply so also warms air as it rushes past these structures

36
Q

how does conchae help clean the air we breathe in?

A

due to respiratory mucosa producing mucous so mucus provides moisture that humidifies the air and traps any infected particles that we breathe in and the cilia waft the mucous to pharynx to be swallowed into gastric acid

37
Q

where are tonsils located?

A

within mucosa lining the pharynx (part of lymphatic system)

38
Q

what is tonsils function?

A

do more cleaning - also produce white blood cells in defence against infection

39
Q

what does woldeyer’s ring do?

A

woldeyer’s ring = ring of tonsil tissue associated with nasopharynx & oropharynx. this ring acts as additional defence/cleaning system

40
Q

what layers must be passed for instrument to pierce lungs?

A

chest wall = skin & then 2 layers of fascia; superficial = fat, deep = thin & fibrous layer on muscles of chest wall. Then skeletal muscles of chest wall then bones of chest wall. Then diaphragm (internal chest wall) and parietal pleura (of chest wall)

41
Q

what are the ribs? e.g. how many, what types etc

A

12 pairs

1-7 = true ribs
8-10 = false ribs
11 &12 = no attachment to sternum

42
Q

what does the rib tubercle articulate with?

A

with transverse process of vertebra of sam number

43
Q

what are the joints in thoracic skeleton?

A
  • costochondral joints
  • sternocostal joints (synovial)
  • costovertebral joints
44
Q

what are the 3 layers of skeletal muscle located between the ribs within intercostal spaces?

A
  • external intercostal muscles
  • internal intercostal muscles
  • innermost intercostal muscles

*they attach between adjacent ribs

Respiratory Block (46 decks)

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