1. Analgesia general

Question 1

physiological effects of pain

Answer 1

• stress hormone (glucocorticoid) release -> catabolic state -> muscle wasting
• immunosuppression
• increased inflammation
• delayed wound healing

Question 2

def: detection of actual or potential tissue injury (pain) by the CNS

Answer 2

nociception

Question 3

def: nerve cells involved in the detection of pain

Answer 3

nociceptors

Question 4

nociceptors that transmit sharp, discreet (easily located) pain that can be localized

Answer 4

A delta

Question 5

example of the type of pain A-delta fibers transmit

Answer 5

a cut on the leg

Question 6

nociceptors that transmit aching, throbbing pain that is hard to localize; dull, doesn’t go away

Answer 6

C fibers

Question 7

the transformation of a noxious stimulus (mechanical, chemical or thermal) into action potentials by peripheral A delta or C fibers

Answer 7

transduction

Question 8

conduction of sensory electrical impulse to the spinal cord from the site injury

Answer 8

transmission

Question 9

neurons in the spinal cord amplify or suppress the sensory impulse received from the peripheral nociceptors before it goes to the brain

Answer 9

modulation

Question 10

sensory impulse is transmitted to the brain where it is processed and recognized as pain

Answer 10

perception

Question 11

why is it important to know the steps of pain perception?

Answer 11

you can know where to intervene to prevent an animal from sensing pain - certain meds affect certain steps

Question 12

at each step of the pain pathway, different types of _____ are involved. this makes it possible to

Answer 12

nociceptors
- use multiple drugs at the same time to control pain - each drug can be used to target specific nociceptors at different steps for better pain control

Question 13

def: using a combination of analgesic drugs, each with a different mechanism of action, to control pain

Answer 13

multimodal analgesia

Question 14

pain may be classified as (2)?

Answer 14

• adaptive

- maladaptive

Question 15

def: normal sensory response caused by tissue damage and inflammation (acute or chronic) - animal tries to protect the area to prevent further injury

Answer 15

adaptive pain

Question 16

def: results from physical changes that occur in the normal spinal cord and brain if adaptive pain is not managed appropriately

Answer 16

maladaptive pain

Question 17

constant stimulation of _____ leads to physical or chemical changes to the spinal cord. this can be tied to ____ pain

Answer 17

nociceptors (in pain)

- maladaptive

Question 18

def: pain produced by non-noxious stimuli (which normally doesn’t happen)

Answer 18

allodynia

Question 19

def: pain arising from skin, SQ tissue, muscle, bones, or joints

Answer 19

somatic pain

Question 20

somatic pain normally goes through these nociceptors

Answer 20

A delta fibers

Question 21

def: pain arising from internal organs

Answer 21

visceral pain

Question 22

visceral pain normally goes through these nociceptors

Answer 22

C fibers

Question 23

def: pain arising from direct damage to peripheral nerves or the spinal cord

Answer 23

neuropathic pain

Question 24

def: hypersensitivity to pain

Answer 24

hyperalgesia

Question 25

this type of pain is difficult to control

Answer 25

neuropathic pain

Question 26

def: CNS hypersensitivity to noxious and non-noxious stimuli

Answer 26

windup

Question 27

how can you prevent windup?

Answer 27

treat pain when you first notice it