1) A&P Flashcards
(heart’s anatomical location) ~⅔ heart’s mass:
Bottom of heart aka:
Top of heart aka:
Great vessels:
Aorta diameter:
= L of midline w/ remainder to right
= apex: just above diaphragm, left of midline 5th rib
= Top of heart/base: ~2nd rib.
= connect to the heart through the base.
= ~2 inch
Heart’s 3 tissue layers:
= Endocardium, myocardium, & pericardium.
Endocardium:
= Innermost layer, Lines heart chambers & is in contact w/ blood.
Myocardium:
= Thick middle layer, Resembles skeletal muscle but has electrical properties like smooth muscle, Conducts electrical impulses for heart contraction.
Pericardium:
Visceral pericardium (epicardium):
Parietal pericardium:
= Protective sac around the heart w/ 2 layers:
= Inner layer, in contact w/ heart muscle
= Outer, fibrous layer
Diastole:
Systole:
= 1st phase, ventricles fills w/ blood, hold 100mLs & pumps 50-70mLs
= “squeeze” 2nd phase, period of cycle myocardium is contracting
!!Poiseuille’s law:
Example:
= vessel w/ relative radius of 1 would transport 1mL per min at BP difference of 100mmHg. Keep pressure constant
= Less blood = vaso-press
Ejection Fraction (EF):
<45% usually indicates:
<30%:
= Ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining @ the end of diastole/ %of blood pumped out from ventricle (60-70%)
=<45% usually indicates in or going to CHF
=<30% in CHF & chronic cardiac crip on oxy
Preload:
= pressure (volume) w/in the ventricles at the end of diastole & Also commonly called the end diastolic volume (frank starlings law)
Afterload:
= resistance against which the heart must pump against afterload become increased w/ increased ventricular workload
Systemic vascular resistance:
Nitro dynamics:
= how dilated arteries are
= decreases afterload pressure > decreases workload & O2 demand
Contractility:
= ability of CM. cells to contract, or shorten (Actin Myosin)
Stroke volume:
3 factors that affect stroke volume:
= amount of blood ejected by heart in 1 contraction, varies 60-100mLs w/ average 70mL
= preload, afterload, & contractility
Fastest way to effect preload:
= IV bolus Afterload affect vaso-med
Contractilititly factors electrolyte & receptor:
= Calcium & +Beta1 effects
Cardiac output formula:
= SV x HR
(Electrolytes role on heart) NA:
Ca:
K:
= depolarizing myocardium
= depolarization & majority myocardial contractile
= influences repolarizations
(3 internodal pathways) 1:
2:
3:
= SA node to Bachmann’s bundles left atrium
= AV junction to AV node,
= Junction AV node, Sinus SA node
Heart’s Endocrine hormones’:
ANP:
BNP:
= store & secretes 2 hormones released when somewhere in heart fail
= Atrial Natriuretic Peptide: made, stored, & released by atrial-M cells response to atrial distension & Sympathetic stim (counter RAAS & lessen afterload pressure)
= Brain Natriuretic peptide: secreted by ventricles response to stress to excessive stretching of myocytes & Counter RAAS
Tunica intima:
Tunica media:
Tunica adventitia/externa:
Lumen:
= inside layer/ tissue of heart
= middle layer/muscle of heart
= external layer of heart
= where blood flows throughs
!!Starling’s Law of heart:
= states that the more the myocardium is stretched, up to a certain amount, the more forceful the subsequent contraction will be
Chrontropy:
Inotropy:
Dromotropy:
= HR, + tropic +HR vice versa
= Contraction force
= Speed of impulse transmission, usually goes w/ Inotropy
(only in heart) Intercalated discs:
Discs speed Vs standard cell membrane:
Syncytium:
= Special tissue bands inserted between myocardial cells that increase the rate(400x) in which AP is spread from cell-cell thus Syncytium
= 400x faster than standard cell membrane drom/Inotropy
= Group of cardiac cells physiologically function as a unit, “working together in sync” “top in syncytium to bottom”
Cardiac depolarization:
RP of Ac:
RP of Cc:
Phases 0-4 of Cc:
= reversal charges of cell membrane inside becomes + & outside -,
= -60 slow Na & fast Ca -40
= -90 Na & -85 gap Junctions fast Na influxes
= 0 depolar, 1 early repolar, 2 plateau + for +, 3 K pumps, 4 refractory
Side of heart has most myocardium:
Epicardium makes what & how:
Pericardium holds what, w/ what color & Fn.:
= L side of heart (muscle)
= folds over self to make pericardium
= holds 25-50mLs straw color fluid to reduce friction, 150mL = heart can squeeze,
Pectinate ”comb” muscles L. & Fn:
Chordae Tendineae L. & Fn:
= @ Atriums’ to contract for Mitral & Tricuspid valves
= heart tendons connect to Papillary-M.s, down to open atria valves
Foramen Ovale:
Pulmonary stenosis:
= hole in the atrial septum that is part of the fetal blood circulation
= pulmonic valve/arteries rigid
(Heart’s Physiology) Diastole) R-side:
L-side:
= Atrium’s tricuspid valve opens filling ventricle & Pulmonic-V closed
= L atrium’s Bicuspid valve opens filling & streching ventricle & Aortic-V closed
Fossa Ovalis:
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO):
Forman Ovale A&P:
= depression in R-Atrium remnant of Foramen Ovale
= ASD; hole in atriums septum that didnt close after out of uterus in fetus
= b/c fetus fluid in lung/heart & closes w/ 1st breath b/c lungs neg/ pressure
Chordae Tendineae:
Heart regurgitation:
= connect valves’ leaflets to papillary-M.s to prevent valves from prolapsing into atria & allowing backflow during ventricle contraction
= papillary not working &/or valve doesn’t correctly opens so prolapse
Semilunar valves:
Semilunar valves FN:
Left Semilunar valve:
Right Semilunar valve:
= Aortic & Pulmonic
= reg/ blood flow between ventricles & arteries into which empty. They permit 1-way m-nt of blood & prevent backflow
= Aortic valve connects L-ventricle to aorta.
= Pulmonic valve connects R-ventricle to pulmonary artery
(Blood Flow L-L) 1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
only vein carrying oxy/ blood:
only artery carrying deoxy: blood:
Intracardiac pressures Left>Right b/c:
= 1.Vena Cavas: recieves deoxy blood from body; SVC receives from head & upper extremities & IVC receives from areas below heart.
= 2. R-Atrium: receives deoxy blood from body via venae cavaes
= 3. R-Atrium: pumps blood through Tricuspid valve & into R-ventricle.
= 4. R-ventricle: pumps through Pulmonic valve to P/artery & on to lungs
= 5. Lungs: oxygenates blood & returns to L-atrium via pulmonary veins.
= 6. L-Atrium: sends oxygenated blood by mitral valve & into L-ventricle
= 7. L-Ventricle: pumps blood through Aortic valve>Aorta feeding oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
= Pulmonic veins
= Pulmonary artery
= Lungs offer less resistance to blood flow than systemic circulation thus’ left myocardium is thicker than right)
(Heart’s Physiology) Systole) R-side:
L-side:
= Atrium’s tricuspid valve closed & filled ventricle contracts to overcome Pulmonic-V opening it & sending de/oxy blood to lungs to oxygenate (weak & vol/ dependent (Frank Starlings)
= Atrium’s Bicuspid valve closed & filled ventricle contracts to overcome Aortic-V opening it & sending oxygenated blood to body (Strong w/ more muscle to contract)
(Einthoven’s triangle(Bipolar/limb leads) leads 1 views:
Lead 1 Negative:
Lead 1 Positive:
= Left Lateral wall
= Right Arm
= Left Arm
(Einthoven’s triangle(Bipolar/limb leads) leads 3 views:
Lead 3 Negative:
Lead 3 Positive:
= inferior (down & rightward) 50% MI has R ventricle Infarction
= Left Arm
= Left Leg
(Einthoven’s triangle(Bipolar/limb leads) leads 2 views:
Lead 2 Negative:
Lead 2 Positive:
= Inferior wall diagonally towards left foot
= Right Arm
= Left Leg
Match the labels
A= Superior Vena Cava
B= Pulmonary Valve
C= Right Pulmonary Veins
D= Right Atrium
E= Tricuspid Valve
F= Chordae Tendineae
G= Right Ventricle
H= Inferior Vena Cava
Match the Labels
H= Aorta
I= Pulmonary Artery
J= Left Pulmonary Veins
K= Left Atrium
L= Bicuspid Valve
M= Aortic Valve
N= Left Ventricle
O= Papillary Muscle
Which coronary artery feeds the anterior wall of the left ventricle?
Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
Match the Labels
A= SA Node
B= AV Node
C= Interventricular Septum
D= Right Bundle Branch
E= Purkinje System
F= Purkinje Fibers
G= Left Bundle Branch
H= Bundle of His
I= AV Junction
J= Internodal Pathways
K= Bachmann’s Bundle
Which coronary artery feeds the inferior wall of the heart?
Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
Which coronary artery feeds the left lateral wall of the heart?
Left Circumflex (LCX)
A blockage of which of the following would result in the entire left ventricle not receiving blood supply?
Left Main Coronary Artery (LMCA)
OMI:
Occlusion Myocardial infarction (V2)
Coronary arteries L&Fn:
Coronary veins & Vena Cavas pick up & drop off to:
Cornary sinus:
= Aorta, feed oxygenated blood to heart/myocardium during diastole b/c semilunar valve closed during aortic kick/
= deoxygenated blood sent to Right atrium
= vein deoxy blood back to R atrium above AA
Atrial appendages:
(abnormal heart birth defect) pockets that form clots on either atrium from uterine dev/,
Atrioventricular valves aka & leaflets# & aka:
Atrioventricular valves Fn:
= R-Tricuspid valve beeu w/ 3 cusps & L-Bicuspid/Mitral valve w/ 2 cusps
= control blood flow between atria & ventricles via connection to specialized papillary muscles in ventricles.
Semilunar valves:
Semilunar valves Fn:
= L-Aortic valve: connects L-Ventricle to Aorta to body & R-Pulmonic valve: R-Ventricle to pulmonic artery to lungs
= reg/ blood flow between ventricles & arteries into which empty. They permit 1-way m-nt of blood & prevent backflow
Major vessels of the body:
3 main Major Vessels) 1:
2:
3:
= all branch off of the aorta
= Ascending: comes directly from the heart.
= Thoracic: curves inferiorly & goes through the chest (or thorax).
= Abdominal: goes through diaphragm & enters the ABDMN
