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Microbiology > (1/29/15) Gram-Negative Pathogens of Mucosal Surfaces [2] (Bailey) > Flashcards

(1/29/15) Gram-Negative Pathogens of Mucosal Surfaces [2] (Bailey) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two types of toxin-producing bacterial pathogens?

A
  • vibrio spp (primarily V. choloerae)

- entertoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

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2
Q

what are the two types of “hybrid” misfit bacterial pathogens

A
  • enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

- enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

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3
Q

what are the 5 characteristics of TOXIN-PRODUCING bacterial pathogens?

A
  • occur in small intestine
  • copious amounts of watery stool
  • no blood in the stool
  • no leukocytes in stool
  • no tissue damage
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4
Q

what are the 4 types of vibrio?

A
  • V. cholerae
  • V. parahaemolyticus
  • V. vulnificus
  • V. alginolyticus
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5
Q

what two types of vibrio are involved with diarrhea?

A
  • V. cholerae

- V. parahaemolyticus

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6
Q

what two types of vibrio are involved with tissues and blood?

A
  • V. vulnificus

- V. alginolyticus

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7
Q

what are the two main cholera types?

A
  • El Tor

- classical (thought to be the only one to cause disease till 1960’s)

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8
Q

the new El Tor strand of cholera causes disease because of what?

A
  • a mutated O1 antigen (changed the lipopolysaccharide)

- encapsulated

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9
Q

what age groups were affected by the new El Tor outbreak in the 1960’s?

A

all age groups

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10
Q

in the 1960’s outbreak, about 1 in _____ people developed cholera

A

20

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11
Q

what is V. cholera primarily transferred by?

A

shellfish

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12
Q

what are the three virulence factors used by V. cholera?

A
  • flagella
  • pili (to adhere to mucosal tissue)
  • cholera toxin (phage encoded)
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13
Q

for V. cholera, a shift from saltwater to reduced ion levels found in the body leads to expression of _____ and to the _____

A
  • pili

- toxin

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14
Q

two types of E. coli that are used for secretory diarrhea

A
  • ETEC

- EPEC

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15
Q

type of E. coli that is dysentery-like (causes blood in the stool)

A

EHEC

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16
Q

type of E. coli that is associated with urinary tract infections

A

UPEC

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17
Q

what are the 4 steps to the identification of secretory diarrhea agents?

A
  • rule out Vibrio cholera (want to rule out bc dangerous)
  • inoculate plates with diluted stool samples
  • not very rich medium, so fastidious G- won’t grow
  • aerobic incubation kills the anaerobes
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18
Q

what is the ideal treatment for secretory diarrhea?

A

oral rehydration (NOT IV)

mix of sugar and salt

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19
Q

what antibiotic is used to shorten the duration or reduce the severity of vibrio infections?

A

tetracyclines

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20
Q

what antibiotic is used to shorten the duration or reduce the severity of ETEC infections

A

2nd generation flouroquinolones (ex. ciprofloxacin)

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21
Q

what type of E. coli is prevalent in new borns?

A

EPEC

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22
Q

what type of E. coli has an absence of traditional exotoxins?

A

EPEC

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23
Q

what type of E. coli has a characteristic intimate adherence pattern (aka attaching and effacing lesion)

A

EPEC

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24
Q

what type of E. coli has a large infectious dose and colonizes the DISTAL SMALL intestine

A

EPEC

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25
Q

what are the three stages to intimate adherence (attaching and effacing lesion) by EPEC and EHEC?

A
  • bundle-forming pili (Bfp) assist in adherence from relative long distance
  • syringe-like secretion system injects Tir into host cell
  • Tir binds to intimin on E. coli resulting in pedestral formation (actin polymeriszation) [PUTS BACTERIA ON A PEDESTAL]
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26
Q

what two factors cause the diarrhea for EPEC?

A
  • malabsorption due to microvilli disruptions

- disruption of epithelial tight junctions

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27
Q

type of E. coli that has a set of EPEC genes so it produces an attaching effacing lesion but also produces toxin that can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome (bleed form the kidneys)

A

EHEC

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28
Q

what type of E. coli is the most common, comes from cattle, causes an attaching effacing lesion and produces a shiva-like toxin?

A

EHEC

29
Q

what do shiva-like toxins of EHEC attack?

A

small blood vessels of the large intestines

30
Q

the shiva-like toxins of EHEC can be intensified when ____ _____ are present

A

inflammatory cytokines

31
Q

a good way to test for the presence of EHEC is to test for _____ bc it is unable to ferment it

A

sorbitol

32
Q

why is the treatment of EHEC with antibiotics controversial?

A

bc antibiotics are only used in the most severe cases so it is unsure whether the disease is due to the antibiotics of the severity of the disease itself

33
Q

most common form of bacterial infection of an organ system (not including the mouth) and the most frequent cause of doctor’s visits by adults (not including trips to the dentist)

A

urinary tract infections

34
Q

inflammation of the bladder

A

cystitis

35
Q

why do more women tend to get UTI’s than men?

A

bc women have shorter urethras so the bacteria can move up them easier

36
Q

why do men have UTI’s more frequently later in life?

A

bc the prostate fails to keep working at normal levels

37
Q

3 characteristics of an uncomplicated UTI

A
  • normal defense mechanisms intact
  • no recent hospital visits
  • disease limited to lower urinary tract
38
Q

3 characteristics of a complicated UTI

A
  • some structural abnormality in urinary tract
  • recently admitted to the hospital
  • disease spread to the kidneys
39
Q

what are the 6 natural defenses found in the urinary tract?

A
  • complete voidance of bladder
  • peristalsis (pushes urine down ureters)
  • ureterovesicle valves
  • mucous layer
  • normal microbiota
  • pH
40
Q

UTI’s can spread to the kidneys and cause _______

A

pyelonephritis

41
Q

retrograde flow of urine from bladder to the kidneys can be caused by what three things?

A
  • neurological disorders
  • incomplete closing of ureterovesical valves in children
  • dialation and decreased peristalsis in pregnant women
42
Q

some bacteria, like proteus spa., neutralize pH of urine and cause the formation of “struvite” calculi or ____ ____ ____

A

urinary tract stones

43
Q

type of E. coli that can adhere to uroepithelial cells through fimbriae, cause a production of aerobactin and hemolysin, and have a genetic link to recurrent disease

A

UPEC (uropathogenic E. Coli)

44
Q

Proteus mirabilis is an additional cause of an _____ _____

A

uncomplicated UTI

45
Q

causes a more abnormal urinary tract structure and is often more severe of a UTI than those caused by E. coli

A

P mirabilis

46
Q

what are the 5 virulence factors for Proteus mirabilis?

A
  • flagella
  • fimbriae (special adhesion for urinary epithelium)
  • hemolysins
  • IgA protease (avoids immune system by degrading IgA on host cell surfaces)
  • Urease (increases pH of urine, allows bacteria to grow)
47
Q

it is surprisingly difficult to positively ID the causative agent of a UTI, but you could count the bacteria in the ______

A

urine

48
Q

proteus can be diagnosed by what two things?

A
  • consistently alkaline urine

- production of urease

49
Q

the treatment of proteus UTI’s are a variety of antimicrobials but ___/_____ is the first choice

A

TMP/SMX

50
Q

for treatment of proteus UTI’s in acute cystitis, how many days should treatment be done?

A

3

51
Q

for treatment of proteus UTI’s in polynephritis, how many days should treatment be done?

A

10-14

52
Q

for treatment of proteus UTI’s in pregnant females, what should be used?

A

asymptomatic bacteriuria

53
Q

completely non-motile forms of bacteria that form large, mucoid colonies due to large capsule

A

klebsiella

54
Q

type of klebsiella pili that are important for adherence to urinary tract epithelial cells

A

type 1

55
Q

type of klebsiella pili that are important for respiratory tract epithelial cells

A

type 3

56
Q

klebsiella have ______ that is an iron sequestering protein

A

aerobactin

57
Q

what is the primary virulence factor for klebsiella?

A

antipagocytic capsule (bc if defends against the phagocytic microphages)

58
Q

among the most prevalent Gm- GI bugs

A

Heliobacter pylori

59
Q

unlike the other GI bugs we’ve studied, heliobacter pylori is transmitted through what two types of contact?

A
  • oral to oral

- fecal to oral

60
Q

______ _____ is a “slow” bacterium that takes weeks or years to cause symptoms

A

helicobacter pylori

61
Q

what always precedes the major symptoms of H. Pylori infection?

A

chronic superficial gastritis

62
Q

H. pylori is readily killed by ____ ____, and is an efficient producer of _____

A
  • gastric acid

- urease

63
Q

H. pylori is readily killed by gastric acid so it embeds itself in border epithelial cells that have their pH neutralized by _____

A

urease

64
Q

regarding H. pylori, the inflammatory effector molecules cause epithelial cells to produce _____ which recruit neutrophils into the site of infection

A

IL-8

65
Q

regarding H. pylori, ______ is associated with peptic ulcer disease (induces vascuolation and apoptosis of epithelial cells)

A

cytotoxin

66
Q

H. pylori downregulates _____ which increases ____ and ____ ____ which over time can lead to ulcers

A
  • somatostatin
  • gastrin
  • gastric acid
67
Q

treatment of ______ is intense with many side effects

A

H. Pylori

68
Q

what are the two stages of the first line of treatment of H. pylori

A
  • proton pump inhibitor

- antibiotic cocktail

69
Q

what are the two stages of the second line of treatment of H. pylori?

A
  • proton pump inhibitor (same as first)

- numerous pills taken multiple times daily for 2 weeks

Microbiology (8 decks)

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