(02/03/15) Streptococcus Pneumoniae, B. pertusis, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium spp. (Daniels)

Question 1

streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram ___ cocci that is non-_____, it has a ______, and is a _____ _____

Answer 1

• positive
• spore forming
• capsule
• aerotolerant anaerobe

Question 2

what disease is the MAIN CAUSE of community-squired pneumonia worldwide?

Answer 2

streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 3

during a catalase test for strep pneumonia, _____ susceptibility is what presumptively identifies is

Answer 3

optochin

Question 4

how is transmission of strep pneumoniae done?

Answer 4

respiratory secretions / hand

Question 5

where does strep pneumoniae enter the body?

Answer 5

lower airway

Question 6

what are the 6 risk factors for strep pneumoniae ?

Answer 6

• viral infection
• smoking
• loss of consciousness
• edema
• high risk comorbidities (age, demographics…)
• seasonality (winter/spring)

Question 7

what are the 4 stages of spread of strep pneumoniae ?

Answer 7

• lungs fill with fluid
• early consolidation phase (neutrophils initiate inflammation)
• late consolidation phase (lungs get more solid)(more inflamed)
• recovery phase (macrophages phagocytose debris)

Question 8

what are three other types of diseases caused by strep pneumoniae other than pneumonia?

Answer 8

• otitis (in children)
• pleural effusion (fluid outside lungs)
• menigitis

Question 9

how do you diagnose strep pneumoniae ?

Answer 9

from gram stained sputum (agar plate)

Question 10

what three things are used to treat strep pneumoniae

Answer 10

• penicillins and other B-lactams
• macrolides
• fluoroquinolones

Question 11

at what age do you give children the vaccine for strep pneumoniae ?

Answer 11

2-15 months (4 doses)

Question 12

at what age to you give adults the vaccine for strep pneumoniae

Answer 12

> 65 years old

Question 13

Legionella pneumophila is a gram _____ bacteria that is _____ (special conditions for cultivation in lab) and is an ____ _____

Answer 13

• negative
• fastidious
• obligate aerobe

Question 14

the encounter of Legionella pneumophila comes from _____ ____ and can withstands heat of up to _____

Answer 14

• contaminated water (not spread by humans)(NOT CONTAGIOUS)

- 46 degrees celcius

Question 15

how does Legionella pneumophila multiply and spread?

Answer 15

virulent strains multiply WITHIN autophagosomes

Question 16

what are the three virulence factors of Legionella pneumophila?

Answer 16

• survival in macrophages
• lipopolysaccharides
• has flagellin (motile)

Question 17

for Legionella pneumophila treatment, antimicrobial drugs with good _____ _____ are useful, but _____ are not effective because they do not achieve therapeutic concentrations in the macrophages

Answer 17

• intracellular penetration

- penicillins

Question 18

Bordetella pertussis is a gram ____ rod, it is an ____ ____ , is the cause of ____ _____, and is very very highly ______

Answer 18

• negative
• obligate aerobe
• whooping cough
• contagious (90% attack rate)

Question 19

Bordetella pertussis uses ____ as reservoirs and colonizes the _____

Answer 19

• adults

- nasopharynx

Question 20

Bordetella pertussis applies ciliary adherence via what three things?

Answer 20

• filamentous hemagglutinin
• pili
• pertactin

Question 21

Bordetella pertussis uses a _____ to up regulate host cAMP and decrease _____ function

Answer 21

• toxin

- neutrophil

Question 22

Bordetella _______ is similar to Bordetella pertussis however it does not use the ______

Answer 22

• parapertussis

- toxin

Question 23

what is the first stage of Bordetella pertussis and what does it look like?

Answer 23

• catarrhal stage

- runny nose of a cold (extremely contagious)

Question 24

stage two of Bordetella pertussis is termed the ______ stage and is when the person _____ alot

Answer 24

• paroxysmal

- coughs

Question 25

laboratory diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis is tricky and uses what two things ?

Answer 25

• deep nasal swab
• nasal flush

(diagnosable <3 weeks of cough onset)

Question 26

what are the two types of vaccines used to treat Bordetella pertussis

Answer 26

• dTaP (children)

- Tdap (adults and pregnant women)

Question 27

disease that is known as “kennel cough” for dogs and very rarely affects human being (so its fucking stupid that we have to know it)

Answer 27

bordatella bronchiseptica

Question 28

Mycobacterium spp is an ______ disease that can cause ____ and _____

Answer 28

• opportunistic diesease
• tuberculosis
• leprosy

Question 29

Mycobacterium spp are _____ fast bacteria, they are non-_____ ____, and are ____ _____

Answer 29

• acid
• non-spore forming
• obligate aerobes

Question 30

what are the two modes of encounter for Mycobacterium spp

Answer 30

• ingestion

- inhalation

Question 31

Mycobacterium spp form _____ in macrophages if there is a large enough inoculum.

Answer 31

granulomas

Question 32

what are the two tests to diagnose Mycobacterium spp?

Answer 32

• intradermal skin test

- acid-fast sputum exam

Question 33

M. Leprae is a _______ disease that has similar immunology to tuberculosis. it prefers _____ ____ and is spread via the ______ route

Answer 33

• granulomatous (forms granulomas like Mycobacterium spp)
• lower temperatures (skin)
• respiratory

Question 34

what are the two forms of M. Leprae?

Answer 34

• tuberculoid leprosy

- lepromatous leprosy

Question 35

what is the worst form of M. Leprae?

Answer 35

lepromatous leprosy

Question 36

mild form of M. Leprae that may be self limiting and has very few bacteria present in lesions

Answer 36

tuberculoid leprosy

Question 37

severe form of M. Leprae that involves many organisms in the lesions

Answer 37

lepromatous leprosy

Question 38

M. Leprae is uncultivable in _____

Answer 38

vitro