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Microbiology > (1/13/15) Intro to Bacterial Infection and Surface Structures (Bailey) > Flashcards

(1/13/15) Intro to Bacterial Infection and Surface Structures (Bailey) Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ infections are the most common reason individuals seek treatment from infectious diseases

A

Oral

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2
Q

invasion of the body by a microbe that causes damage either directly or indirectly

A

infection

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3
Q

What are the 6 steps in the infectious disease process?

A
  1. encounter
  2. entry
  3. colonization and/or invasion
  4. multiplication and/or spread
  5. damage
  6. outcome
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4
Q

Does having an encounter mean that there is an infection?

A

No

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5
Q

pathogens must enter the ____ in order to establish infection

A

body

(this does not include pathogens that are in the GI, respiratory, or reproductive tracts as they are still technically outside of the body)

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6
Q

pathogens must first ____ a surface before causing disease

A

colonize

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7
Q

what are the two types of pathogen adherence?

A
  1. nonspecific adherence

2. specific adherence

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8
Q

which type of adherence is reversible and includes docking and other examples such as brownian movement (random interactions), electrostatic attractions, and interactions with extracellular matrices?

A

nonspecific adherence

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9
Q

which type of adherence is irreversible and includes anchoring using adhesins

A

specific adherence

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10
Q

substances on the surface of microbes that are involved with specific adherence to host tissue

A

adhesins

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11
Q

_____ are often found on the fimbrae (pili), but can also be found in capsules or cell surfaces

A

adhesins

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12
Q

in order to colonize, the pathogen must be adapted for _____ in a given ____

A
  • growth

- niche

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13
Q

what are the three ways in which bacteria “take-up” nutrients?

A
  1. carrier mediated diffusion
  2. phosphorylation-linked transport (group translocation)
  3. active transport (energy dependent)
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14
Q

way of bacteria taking-up nutrients in which phosphorylation occurs after it is already inside

A

carrier mediated diffusion

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15
Q

way of bacteria taking-up nutrients in which phosphorylation happens as it is being transported

A

phosphorylation-linked transport

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16
Q

to invade a host, pathogens must have specific _____ factors

A

virulence (invasins)

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17
Q

mechanism of spread that involves microbes multiplying then spreading

A

lateral propagation

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18
Q

mechanism of spread that involves microbes spreading then multiplying

A

dissemination

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19
Q

disease symptoms are often dependent upon pathogen ______

A

density (load)

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20
Q

activity that recognize host cells that are infected and induces apoptosis to stop the spread

A

cytotoxic T cell activity

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21
Q

what are the two types of host response to an infection?

A
  1. phagocytes

2. cytotoxic T cell activity

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22
Q

what are the 3 types of infectious organisms?

A
  1. lytic viral infections
  2. invasins damage host tissue
  3. toxin producing microbes
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23
Q

what are the two types of toxins?

A
  1. endotoxins

2. exotoxins

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24
Q

type of toxin that is naturally found on the surface of the microbe and is a component of the cell wall. also known as lipopolysaccharide

A

endotoxin

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25
Q

type of toxin that are subtle substances secreted into host tissues

A

exotoxins

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26
Q

type of EXOtoxin that lyse cells

A

cytotoxins

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27
Q

type of EXOtoxin that affect intestinal cells

A

enterotoxins

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28
Q

type of EXOtoxin that affects neurons

A

neuotoxins

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29
Q

the body contains approximately _____ more microbes as host cells

A

10 times

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30
Q

what 2 places does the body safely harbor bacteria?

A
  1. GI tract

2. Mouth

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31
Q

what are the 4 requirements that make a microbe a pathogen?

A
  1. ability to adhere to host
  2. ability to colonize the host
  3. ability to replicate within a given niche
  4. ability to cause damage (invasion, produce toxin, activate immune system)
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32
Q

no microorganism is intrinsically _____ or ______

A
  • benign

- pathogenic

33
Q

must have oxygen to grow

A

strict aerobes

34
Q

cannot tolerate oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

35
Q

can grow with or without oxygen

A 
facultative anaerobes 
(most medically important)
36
Q

can grow with limited nutrients

A

oligotrophs

37
Q

what is the most medically important bacteria?

A

facultative anaerobes

38
Q

can grow in high sugar concentrations

A

osmophile

39
Q

can grow in high salt concentrations

A

halophile

40
Q

can grow in very dry conditions

A

xerophile

41
Q

can grow in low pH

A

acidophile

42
Q

can grow in high pH

A

alkaliphiles

43
Q

require some oxygen, but lower levels of oxygen

A

microaerophiles

44
Q

grow well in cold environments (around 20 degrees C)

A

psychotrophs

45
Q

grow well in really cold environments (0-15 degrees C)

A

psychophiles

46
Q

grow well in hot temperatures (45-80 C)

A

thermophiles

47
Q

grow well in mild temperatures (15-45 C)

A

mesophiles

48
Q

another term for murein

A

peptidoglycan

49
Q

in murein, cross-linked peptide bonds ALWAYS occur between _______

A

N-acetylmuramic acids

50
Q

the structure of murein is alternating blocks of ______ and ______

A
  • N-acetylmuramic acid

- N-acetylglucosamine

51
Q

______ is only found in gram negative bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

52
Q

_____ ____ is only found in gram positive bacteria

A

teichoic acid

53
Q

________ is teichoic acid that is bound to lipids

A

lipotoeichoic acid

54
Q

what are the three components of LPS?

A
  1. Lipid A
  2. polysaccharide core
  3. O-antigen
55
Q

part of LPS that involves fatty acids attached to a phosphorylated disaccharide

A

lipid A

56
Q

part of LPS that is very similar between gram negative bacteria, but has sugars that are unique to bacteria

A

polysaccharide core

57
Q

part of LPS that has highly variable repeating sugar subunits and is the main reason for the different antigenic specificities among gram negative bacteria

A

O-antigen

58
Q

LPS and teichoic acid are examples of _____ _____ ______ ______

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

59
Q

cells of the immune system can recognize PAMPs using _____ ____ _____

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRS)

60
Q

toll-like receptor ______ recognizes LPS

A

4

61
Q

toll-like receptor _____ recognizes peptidoglycan

A

2

62
Q

toll-like receptors ____ and _____ together recognize teichoic acids

A

2 and 6

63
Q

involved in the attachment of bacteria to cells and other surfaces

A

pili (fimbriae)

64
Q

specialized proteins that are more SPECIFICALLY developed for adherence

A

adhesins (on tip of fimbriae)

65
Q

transfer genetic information between microbes

A

sex pili

66
Q

has one flagella at pole

A

monotrichous

67
Q

has a few flagella at pole

A

lophotrichous

68
Q

has many flagella all over

A

peritrichous

69
Q

fimbriae and flagella must turn ________ in order for the microbe to move forward

A

counterclockwise

70
Q

when movement caused by flagella is directed

A

taxis

71
Q

bacteria with flagella

A

motile

72
Q

_____ can be directed towards something good or away from something bad

A

taxis

73
Q

taxis towards chemoattractant

A

chemotaxis

74
Q

taxis towards suitable oxygen environment

A

aerotaxis

75
Q

taxis towards suitable osmotic pressure environment

A

osmotaxis

76
Q

taxis towards suitable temperature environment

A

themotaxis

77
Q

a substance that surrounds a cell that is either firmly attached (_____) or is not well organized (_____)

A

glycocalyx

  • capsule
  • slime layer
78
Q

why would capsules be beneficial to pathogens?

A
  • if you were to strip off the capsule they could no longer spread disease
  • capsule protects them from the immune system
79
Q

toll-like receptor _____ recognize flagella

A

5

Microbiology (8 decks)

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