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Microbiology > (1/27/15) Gram-negative Pathogens of Mucosal Surfaces [1] (Bailey) > Flashcards

(1/27/15) Gram-negative Pathogens of Mucosal Surfaces [1] (Bailey) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

surface that interacts with air that has associated glands for secreting mucus

A

mucosal surfaces

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2
Q

what are the 4 main mucosal surfaces for gram-negative pathogens

A
  • oral cavity
  • respiratory tract
  • reproductive/urinary tract
  • GI tract
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3
Q

what are the three types of defenses of mucosal surfaces that the body has against pathogens

A
  • innate immunity
  • adaptive immunity
  • nonspecific barrier defenses
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4
Q

what is the annual cost on GI tract diseases?

A

10 billion dollars

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5
Q

what are the “seven F’s” that describe the possible modes of transmission for gram negative mucosal pathogens?

A
  • feces
  • food
  • fluids
  • fingers
  • flies
  • fomites
  • fornication
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6
Q

the inoculum size of shigella is as little as ______ organisms

A

50-100

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7
Q

size of the colony of bacteria that is required to cause disease

A

inoculum

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8
Q

what are the three types of natural barrier defenses that are used by our bodies?

A
  • secretory substances
  • anatomical and physiological barriers (acidity, motility, tight junctions, etc)
  • indigenous bacteria
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9
Q

what are the 4 types of anatomical and physiological properties that assist with creating a physical barrier?

A
  • acidity (ranges from 1-9)(both acid and base)
  • motility (fluid rushes bacteria away)
  • mucus layer & underlying glycocalyx
  • tight junctions
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10
Q

type of anatomical barrier that ranges from 1-9 making it so that bacteria must be able to survive in acidic and alkaline environments

A

acidity

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11
Q

type of anatomical barrier that is a movement of fluid that can wash away unwanted bacteria

A

motility

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12
Q

type of anatomical barrier that is used to trap the bacteria and kill it

A

mucus layer & underlying glycocalyx

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13
Q

type of anatomical barrier that makes it hard for bacteria to diffuse into the body

A

tight junctions

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14
Q

why are there more functional anaerobes in the colon than in the stomach?

A

bc there is much less oxygen in the colon

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15
Q

what do our body’s normal bacteria do in order to make is so we are not constantly infected with pathogens?

A

creates a blanket on the GI walls that outocmpetes the incoming pathogens

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16
Q

enzyme used by immune system to cleave the beta 1,4-glycosidic linkages between N-acetylnuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine

A

lysozyme

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17
Q

because of its function, what is the only type of bacteria that lysozyme can effectively degrade?

A

gram +

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18
Q

used by the body to sequester iron so that it cannot be used by the bacteria

A

lactoferrin

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19
Q

used by the body to disrupt bacterial membranes of Gm- and Gm+ (as well as fungi)

A

cathelicidin

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20
Q

used by the body to create pores in microbes. composed of alpha and beta subunits

A

defensins

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21
Q

where are the alpha defensins derived from?

A

neutrophils and paneth cell (in intestine)

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22
Q

where are the beta defensins derived from?

A

epithelial cells

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23
Q

microbes with low infectious doses tend to be ____ ____

A

acid resistant

shigella and enteroinvasive E. Coli

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24
Q

used by the pathogens to adhere to tissue to resist being shed

A

fimbriae/pili

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25
Q

for both Gm- and Gm+, the cell _____ have sensitivities to bactericidal compounds

A

membranes

26
Q

bacteria often initiate _____ ____ _____ into their cell membrane to reduce effects of cationic antimicrobial peptides (interaction of charges)

A

cationic amino acids

27
Q

bacteria use _____ to sequester iron in low iron environments (or to get it away from the lactoferins used by the body)

A

sideophores

28
Q

macrophages recognize microbes via ____ _____ receptors leading to the activation of the macrophages and the ability to kill many microbes

A

pattern recognition receptors

29
Q

in macrophages, the activation of the pattern response receptors also initiates the ______ response

A

inflammatory

30
Q

which TLR receptor is the most important for this class and recognizing lipopolysaccharides?

A

TLR 4

31
Q

what is the negative aspect of initiating the inflammatory response at mucosal surfaces?

A

inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha can disrupt the tight junctions between the epithelial cells

32
Q

what do bacteria develop to resist phagocytosis

A

capsule

they also develop a mechanism that can neutralize the phagocytic compartment of macrophages

33
Q

most of our immune response is at mucosal surfaces bc the _____ _____ are also at most of the mucosal surfaces

A

lymph nodes

34
Q

type of pathogens that are usually found in the large intestine, have SMALL volume of stool, bloody stool, leukocytes in the stool, and have tissue ulcerations?

A

invasive bacterial pathogens

35
Q

what are the two examples of invasive bacterial pathogens?

A
  • salmonella spp.

- shigella spp.

36
Q

type of pathogens that are usually found in the small intestine, have copious amounts of watery stool, NO blood in stool, NO leukocytes in stool, and cause NO tissue damage

A

toxin-producing bacterial pathogens

37
Q

type of pathogens that are found in lower small intestine and upper large intestine. their colonization causes attaching and effacing lesions, and they cause blood to be in the stool

A

“hybrid” misfit pathogens

38
Q

what distinguishes the four different types of shigella species?

A

the O antigen

39
Q

for shigella, the inoculum size is _____

A

small

40
Q

for shigella, the acid resistance is controlled by a global regulatory system of genes under the control of RpoS made in the _____ _____

A

stationary phase

41
Q

shigella will usually multiply and colonize the _____

A

colon

42
Q

simply put, how do shigella cells invade?

A

they enter M cells lining the mucosal surface and spread throughout the adjacent epithelial cells, staying away from the immune system, via IcsA and ATPase

43
Q

during shigella, what develops when invaded cells die and slough off?

A

ulcer

44
Q

all species of shigella will induce an inflammatory diarrhea with ____ in the stool

A

leukocytes

45
Q

only shigella type that produces shiga toxin and disrupts the Na absorption

A

shigella dyseteriae type 1

46
Q

what are the two types of salmonella that we need to know about in this class

A
  • gastroenteritis

- typhoid fever

47
Q

the inoculum for salmonella is ______

A

large (10-100 million)

48
Q

salmonella is more _____ _____ than shigella

A

acid sensitive

49
Q

in salmonella, the low pH of the stomach induces the expression of at least 40 proteins found on _____ ______ on large virulence plasmids (triggered by the acid)

A

pathogenicity islands

50
Q

simply put, how does salmonella spa invade?

A

inc. cellua Ca+ levels that inc the uptake of the salmonella, remain in the cells for many hours (unlike shigella), induces NaCl loss from host cell

51
Q

simply put, how does salmonella typhi invade?

A

-enters LYMPHATIC SYSTEM then replicates within microphages throughout the body

52
Q

_______ is a localized infection, whereas _____ occurs all over the body

A
  • shigella

- salmonella

53
Q

salmonella _______ is strictly a human pathogen (no animal reservoir)

A

typhi

54
Q

salmonella typhi is known to have _______ ______ that show no symptoms of the disease but have it colonized in their gall bladders and the organisms can be cultured from their feces

A

asymptomatic carriers (typhoid mary)

55
Q

for asymtomatic carriers of salmonella typhi, where are the organisms colonized?

A

gall bladder (spread through the feces)

56
Q

what are the two similarities between the two invasive enteric pathogens? (salmonella and shigella)

A
  • both invasive so more in large intestine than small intestine (induce diharrea)
  • both are able to respond to environmental changes
57
Q

what are the 3 differences between the two invasive enteric pathogens? (salmonella and shigella)

A
  • inoculum size (shigella=small || salmonella=large)
  • bacteremia (shigella contained in intestines || salmonella is widespread)
  • species that cause severe disease are very dissimilar
58
Q

what is a possible treatment of all enteric diseases?

A

oral rehydration

59
Q

what is a possible treatment of shigella?

A

antibiotics

60
Q

what is a possible treatment of salmonella?

A

2nd generation fluoroquinolones

61
Q

what is a possible treatment of typhoid fever?

A
  • fluoroquinolones or surgical removal of gall bladder

- vaccine to the capsule of S. Typhi

Microbiology (8 decks)

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