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Endo/Repro > 1-27 Hypothalamus & Pituitary DSA > Flashcards

1-27 Hypothalamus & Pituitary DSA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A 
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH
MSH
Growth Hormone
Prolactin
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2
Q

What is the target/action of TSH?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

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3
Q

What is the target/action of FSH?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Stimulates sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes

Stimulates follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries

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4
Q

What is the target/action of LH?

A

Luteinizing Hormone

Stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes

Stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen, and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

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5
Q

What is the target/action of growth hormone?

A

Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth

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6
Q

What is the target/action of prolactin?

A

Stimulates milk production and secretion in breasts

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7
Q

What is the target/action of ACTH?

A

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones - cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone

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8
Q

What is the target/actions of MSH?

A

Stimulates melanin synthesis

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9
Q

What are the hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

ADH

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10
Q

What is the target/actions of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates milk ejection from the breasts and uterine contractions

(birth and milk)

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11
Q

What is the target/actions of ADH?

A

Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone

Stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles

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12
Q

What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland in terms of relationship to the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior:
Hypothalamus sends releasing/anti-releasing hormones to ant. pit. via hypothalamical-hypophysial portal vessels

Ant. pit. then releases hormones to target tissues

Posterior:
Hypothalamus synapses on post. pit and triggers release of neuropeptides ADH or oxytocin

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13
Q

What is the difference between the hormones released from anterior or posterior pituitary? (Hint: think general classification, not specific hormones.)

A

Post pit. - releases neuropeptides

Ant. pit. - releases mostly trophic peptide hormones, some of which act directly on glands to induce further hormone release, or act on target tissues directly

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14
Q

What are the differences in how hormones are released from anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

A

Anterior
released in response to hormone-releasing hormones derived from the hypothalamus

Posterior
originate in the hypothalamus and are transported down neurons to the posterior pituitary for release

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15
Q

How is the structure-function relationship different between anterior and posterior pituitary in regards to the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior - connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum and portal system

Posterior - connected directly to hypothalamus via neurons

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16
Q

How is the blood flow different to each region of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior:
linked via hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood vessels
- provides most of the blood supply
- hypothalamic hormones are delivered to ant. pit. directly and in high concentrations
- hypothalamic hormones are not in high concentrations in systemic circulation

Posterior
- not important enough to mention in the text, apparently

17
Q

What are the hormones that are released by the hypothalamus? What are their target cells?

A

GhRH

  • growth hormone releasing hormone
  • works on somatotrophs

TRH

  • thyrotropin releasing hormone
  • works on thyrotrophs

PIF

  • Dopamine/prolactin inhibiting factor
  • works on lactotrophs

CRH

  • Corticotropin releasing hormone
  • works on corticotrophs

SRIF
- Somatostatin/somatotropin release-inhibiting factor

18
Q

Describe the stimulatory factors for hypothalamic regulation of GH release from somatotrophs.

A

GHRH release from hypothalamus is stimulatory to GH release from ant. pit.

19
Q

Describe the inhibitory factors for hypothalamic regulation of GH release from gonadotrophs.

A

Somatostatin/somatotropin release inhibiting factor is inhibitory to GH

20
Q

What factors stimulate GH release?

A 
Decreased glucose conc
decreased FFa conc
arginine
fasting/starvation
puberty hormones
exercise
stress 
Stage 3 and 4 sleep
alpha adrenergic agonists
21
Q

What factors inhibit GH release?

A 
Increased glucose conc
Increased FFA conc
obesity
senescence
somatostatin
somatomedins
GH
beta adrenergic agonists
pregnancy
22
Q

What are the patterns of GH release?

A

Pulsatile

  • 1 burst ~2 hours
  • largest within 1 hour of falling asleep
23
Q

What are the patterns of GH release over a lifetime?

A

Increases steadily from birth into early childhood
- stabilizes

Boost in puberty

  • estrogen/testosterone
  • responsible for growth spurt

Declines to steady level afterward
- lowest level in senescence

24
Q

What is the metabolic action of GH in relationship to IGF-1? What is it’s effect on insulin levels?

A

GH promotes release of IGF-1/somatomedin from liver
- IGF-1 causes feedback inhibition

Causes:

  • insulin resistance (diabetogenic effect)
  • increased protein synthesis and organ growth
  • increased linear growth
25
Q

Define how the pattern of GnRH determines FSH and LH secretion .

A

Pulsatile release of GnRH necessary for LH & FSH release

Frequency ofGnRH pulse determines LH or FSH release

Estrogen, testosterone, and inhibins feed back to regulate GnRH release

26
Q

Describe the production and release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary.

A 
Stimulatory for secretion:
pregnancy
breast feeding
stress
dopamine antagonists
TRH

PRL stimulates dopamine synthesis, which inhibits ant pit and PRL release

27
Q

What are inhibitory factors for prolactin?

A 
Inhibitory:
dopamine
dopamine agonists:
 - bromocriptine
 - somatostatin
28
Q

Describe the production and release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary.

A

Synthesized in cell bodies of paraventricular nuclei

  • initially created as preprohormone
  • pre- cleaved in golgi
  • packaged in vesicles
  • travel down axon
  • released when AP triggers Ca++ release
29
Q

What is the synthesis and release of ADH?

A

Secreted by post. pit in response to increase in serum osmolarity

Synthesis is similar to oxytocin, mostly synthesized by supraoptic nuclei

30
Q

What stimulates release of ADH?

A 
Increased serum osmolarity
decreased ECH volume
Ang II
pain 
nausea
hypoglycemia
nicotine
opiates
antineoplastic drugs
31
Q

What inhibits release of ADH?

A

Decreased serum osmolarity
Ethanol
alpha adrenergic agonists
ANP

32
Q

What are the actions of ADH on the vasculature and kidney?

A

Acts on principle cells of late distal tubules and collecting duct to increase water reabsorption

Contracts vascular smooth muscle

  • via V receptor coupled to phospholipase C on a Gq protein
  • 2nd messenger: Ip/Ca++
  • increases total peripheral resistance
33
Q

Where are the receptors for ADH located? How are they different:

A

Principle cells:
V receptor coupled to Gs protein and adenylyl cyclase
- cAMP as 2nd messenger

Vascular smooth muscle:
V receptor coupled to Gq protein with phospholipase C
- Ip/Ca++ as 2nd messenger

34
Q

How are the clinical features of central diabetes insipidus related to ADH?

A

Failure of post pit to secrete ADH

  • circulating ADH low
  • collecting ducts impermeable to water
  • urine can’t be concentrated
  • serum osmolarity increases
35
Q

How are the clinical features of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus related to ADH?

A

Principle cells unresponsive to ADH

  • circulating ADH high
  • collecting ducts impermeable to water
  • urine can’t be concentrated
  • serum osmolarity increases
36
Q

What is SIADH?

A

Excess ADH secreted from autonomous/neoplastic site

  • high ADH causes excess reabsorption of water
  • dilution of body fluids

Endo/Repro (19 decks)

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