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Neuroanatomy > 1/17 Development & Regeneration Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

1/17 Development & Regeneration Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What embryologic layer contributes most to the brain/spinal cord?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

What does ectoderm become?

A

Neural plate (folds dorsally until borders touch to make:)
Neural crest (borders)
Neural placode

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3
Q

Where do neural crest cells migrate?

A

Laterally and ventrally

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4
Q

What do neural crest cells form?

A

most of the peripheral nervous system including sensory and autonomic ganglia
(excluding derivatives of neurogenic placodes)

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5
Q

What are neurogenic placodes associated with?

A

Cranial sensory systems:
Olfactory
Lens
Trigeminal
Otic
Geniculate
Petrosal
Nodose

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6
Q

What does the olfactory placode form?

A

Not neurogenic
Olfactory epithelium

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7
Q

What does the lens placode form?

A

Not neurogenic
Lens of the eye

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8
Q

What does the trigeminal neurogenic placode form?

A

Trigeminal ganglion

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9
Q

What does the otic neurogenic placode form?

A

Cochlear and vestibular

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10
Q

What does the geniculate neurogenic placode form?

A

Geniculate ganglion & distal CN VII

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11
Q

What does the petrosal neurogenic placode form?

A

Inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion & distal CN IX

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12
Q

What does the nodose neurogenic placode form?

A

Nodose ganglion & distal CN X

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13
Q

What does the neural tube separate from?

A

Separates from ectoderm

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14
Q

What are the openings in the neural tube?

A

Cranial neuropore
Caudal neuropore

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15
Q

What does the neural tube form?

A

The central nervous system

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16
Q

What does the neural tube initially have, what happens to these?

A

Initially has 3 vesicles which separate into 5 vesicles

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17
Q

What are the 3 vesicles of the neural tube?

A

Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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18
Q

What are the 5 vesicles of the neural tube?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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19
Q

What does the forebrain of the 3 vesicle stage become in the 5 vesicle stage?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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20
Q

What does the midbrain of the 3 vesicle stage become in the 5 vesicle stage?

A

Mesencephalon

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21
Q

What does the hindbrain of the 3 vesicle stage become in the 5 vesicle stage?

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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22
Q

What does the telencephalon become in an adult?

A

Cerebrum

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23
Q

What does the Diencephalon become in an adult?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and retina

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24
Q

What does the mesencephalon become in an adult?

A

Midbrain

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25
Q

What does the metencephalon become in an adult?

A

Pons and cerebrum

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26
Q

What does the myelencephalon become in an adult?

A

Medulla oblongata

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27
Q

What are the types of neural tube defects?

A

Anencephaly
Spina bifida

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28
Q

What happens in anencephaly?

A

Cranial neuropore does not close

29
Q

What happens in spina bifida?

A

Caudal neuropore does not close

30
Q

What reduces neural tube defects?

A

Folic acid

31
Q

What happens to the neural tube in the 4th week?

A

differentiates into dorsal (alar plates) and ventral (basal plates) portions

32
Q

What are the dorsal and ventral portions the neural tube differentiates into? What do they do?

A

Alar plates – Dorsal – Sensory
Basal plates – Ventral – Motor

33
Q

Where is the dorsal root ganglion come from?

A

The neural crest cells

34
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

A

Failure of the forebrain to separate into distinct hemispheres. (regionalization)

35
Q

What is the severity of holoprosencephaly?

A

Varying levels of severity
Most severe cases will not support life.

36
Q

What is the appearance of a person with holoprosencephaly?

A

Facial deformities primarily affect the eyes, nose and upper lip

37
Q

What are the causes of holoprosencephaly?

A

Causes are teratogens (i.e. alcohol) and/or genetic (loss of function mutations)
Trisomy 13 is a common cause.

38
Q

What are the ways in which cell bodies of neuron migrate?

A

Radially or tangentially

39
Q

What is radial migration of neurons

A

from ventricles toward pial surface.
• Except for cerebellum (pia to ventricle)
• Layers of cerebral cortex build from inside to out

40
Q

What is tangential migration of neurons?

A

Involves interneurons

41
Q

What is lissencephaly?

A

Failure of neuronal migration
Appears as a smooth brain
Leads to intellectually disability
Often accompanied by microencephaly

42
Q

What is the cause of lissenephaly?

A

Viral infections or genetic mutations

43
Q

What are the types of classifications of injury of peripheral neurons?

A

Seddon vs sunderland

44
Q

What are the classifications of neuronal injury according to seddon?

A

Neurapraxia, axonotmesis, neurotmesis

45
Q

What is neurapraxia?

A

Transient loss of function with minimal myelin damage

46
Q

What is axonotmesis?

A

Longer term loss of function with damage to axons while the epineurium remains intact

47
Q

What is neurotmesis?

A

Complete disruption of a nerve

48
Q

What are the classifications of neuronal injury according to sunderland?

A

1st degree-5th degree

49
Q

What is the 1st degree of neuronal damage?

A

Neurapraxia

50
Q

What is the 2nd degree of neuronal damage?

A

Damage of axon with intact connective tissue

51
Q

What is the 3rd degree of neuronal damage?

A

Damage of axon and endoneurium

52
Q

What is the 4th degree of neuronal damage?

A

Damage of axon, endoneurium, and perineurium

53
Q

What is the 5th degree of neuronal damage?

A

Neurotmesis
Damage of all layers

54
Q

Can the 1st degree of neuronal injury heal?

A

Heals in minutes to weeks without additional care

55
Q

Can the 2nd degree of neuronal injury heal?

A

Heals at a rate of 1mm/day by following the existing connective tissue

56
Q

Can the 3rd degree of neuronal injury heal?

A

Possible surgery.
Maybe heal at a rate of 1mm/day by following the existing connective tissue (usually incomplete)

57
Q

Can the 4th degree of neuronal injury heal?

A

Surgery will be needed. Recovery is poor and slow.

58
Q

Can the 5th degree of neuronal injury heal?

A

Surgery may be attempted. Recovery is unlikely.

59
Q

How do axons grow?

A

growth cones that sense guidance cues as to where they should grow

60
Q

What are the types of cues for axonal growth?

A

Adhesive, tropic, modulary

61
Q

What are adhesive cues?

A

found on surfaces or extracellular matrix (toward target cell)

62
Q

What are tropic cues?

A

attractants or repellants that cause intracellular changes in cytoskeleton growth

63
Q

What are modulatory cues?

A

change the sensitivity of the growth cones

64
Q

Can the CNS regenerate?

A

majority of the CNS will not regenerate if damaged
Olfactory epithelium, subventricular zone, and subgranular zone can regenerate
Increased by excercise

65
Q

How does the olfactory epithelium regenerate?

A

allows for the regrowth of neurons which reattach to the CNS

66
Q

How does the subventricular zone regenerate?

A

regenerates new cells that migrate to the olfactory bulb

67
Q

How does the subgranular zone regenerate?

A

contains stem cells that regenerate into part of the hippocampal circuitry

68
Q

What are the types of nerve damage?

A

Anterograde (Wallerian) degeneration affects the axon away from the cell body.
Retrograde degeneration affects toward the cell body
Axonal skeleton disintegrates and the membrane breaks apart
Macrophages infiltrate the myelin sheath to clear the debris

69
Q

How does PNS regeneration occur?

A

Schwann cells accompany the macrophages and create a tube that produces growth factors.
Within 4 days the nerve send out new growth
The proximal portion develops a growth cone and will regrow at about 1mm per day.

Neuroanatomy (13 decks)

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