1 Flashcards
What is an absolute monarch
hold all the power within their state’s boundaries
What is Divine Right
God created the monarchy and the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth
Why did Spain expel the Jews and Muslims
They thought they had to much economic influence over the kingdoms
Why was expelling the Jews and Muslims a problem for Spain in the long run
They began importing more than exporting
Why did the Dutch revolt against Spain
High taxes, and unemployment
Who were the Huguenots
French protestants
What did the Edict of Nantes do
declared that Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities
What was the name of Louis XIV’s palace and what did he call himself
Versailles, the sun king
What were 3 results of the Peace of Westphalia
Ended the Thirty Years’ War and recognized that Europe was a group of independent states. It abandoned the idea that Europe was a catholic empire.
Give 3 beliefs of Frederick the Great that make him an Enlightened Despot
Believed that being a ruler was a duty, Practiced religious toleration and outlawed judicial torture, Did not want the German speaking people unified
Who were the boyars
Russian nobles
What dynasty will rule Russia for 300 years
romanovs
What Russian czar wanted to westernize Russia
Peter the great
Why were Puritans and Scots rebelling against Charles I
Because he is trying to get everybody to follow the anglican church
What did Charles I try to do to the leaders of Parliament and what was the result
He tried to arrest the leaders but they were already gone
Who fought in the English Civil War and who did each side support
Charles l and parliament, those supporting charles l and those supporting parliament
Who won the English Civil War
parliament
What happened to Charles I and why is it significant
He was executed, he was the first european monarch to be executed
Who is the new leader of England after the English Civil War
Oliver cromwell
What is Restoration
Restored the English monarchy, but not absolutism
What does the writ of habeas corpus do
Every prisoner has the right to be brought before a judge to specify the charges against him, and the judge then decides if the prisoner is set free or faces trial
What is the Glorious Revolution
William and Mary led an army to England to overthrow James II and James fled to France and did not fight; it is known as the bloodless revolution because nobody died.
List 5 things guaranteed in the English Bill of Rights
Parliament must approve of taxes, no cruel or unusual punishment, Parliament must approve raising an army, freedom to bear arms for self-defense, freedom from royal interference with the law
What is the heliocentric theory and who originally proposed it
The Sun is at the center and the Earth revolves around the Sun, Nicholas Copernicus
Who was brought before the Inquisition for supporting the heliocentric theory
galileo
For what idea is Johannes Kepler credited
Planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun
For what method is Francis Bacon credited
The Scientific Method
Who came up with the 3 laws of motion and calculus
Issac newton
Define Enlightenment
A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought, and the power of individuals to solve problems
According to Thomas Hobbes, what is the social contract
People hand over their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order
List 4 of John Locke’s views on government
Natural rights to live, liberty, and poverty. Government derives its from the people, People create government to protect their rights, People have the right and duty to overthrow a government that does not protect their rights
What is Rationalism
method of understanding the world based on using reason to gain knowledge
Who influenced James Madison on creating a government with a separation of powers
montesquieu
Who pushed for more rights for women in education and society
Mary wollstonecraft
What is deism
Belief in God based on reason rather than revelation or the teaching of any specific religion
What did “Common Sense” argue and who wrote it
arguing it was common sense that the colonies should be independent, thomas paine
Who influenced Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence
John locke
Who made up the 1st Estate in France? What percentage of the population
Clergy, 1%
Who made up the 2nd Estate in France? What percentage of the population
nobles, 2%
Who made up the 3rd Estate in France? What percentage of the population
everyone else, 97%
Which Estate paid almost all of the taxes in France
third
Who were the King and his wife at the beginning of the French Revolution
Louis 16, marie antoinette
What was the Estates-General and why were they called together after 175 years
Assembly of representatives from all three Estates, to approve a new tax on the nobility
Who created the National Assembly, why and why was it significant
The third estate, it is The beginning of representative government in France
What was the Bastille and what happened there
To defend against the rumored attack, citizens stormed the Bastille, a Paris prison, in search of gunpowder
What was the Tennis Court Oath
The Third Estate was locked out of their meeting room, the delegates met on the tennis court and vowed to keep meeting until they drafted a constitution and were recognized by the King
Who was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety
Maximilian Robespierre
What was the time period during the revolution called where over 40,000 people were executed
reign of terror
What group became the leaders after the execution of Robespierre
Five men that were moderates
Who seized power in 1799
napoleon
What is the significance of Napoleon crowning himself emperor in 1804
Signaled that he was more powerful than the Church
Why is the Battle of Trafalgar important
The only major battle Napoleon lost, The French fleet was destroyed
What was the Continental System
A blockade to prevent all trade and communication between Great Britain and Continental Europe
Who fought in the Peninsular War
france and spain
How did Napoleon lose most of his soldiers in Russia
Russians used the scorched-earth policy
What battle was Napoleon’s final defeat
waterloo
What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna
Was a series of meetings called to set up policies to establish long-lasting peace and stability on the European continent
List from top to bottom the social classes in Latin American society and explain who was in each class
Peninsulares are people born in spain, creoles are people born in latin america, mestizos and mulattos are about the same, and at the bottom are the indians and slaves
Which social class led most of the Latin American revolutions
creoles
Who was Simon Bolivar and what did he accomplish
a Venezuelan Creole, Led independence movements against Spain throughout northern South America
What did Miguel Hidalgo want to happen as a result of the revolution in Mexico
calling for the end of Spanish rule, for racial equality, and for redistribution of land.
Which Latin American revolution was bloodless and from what country did they gain their independence
revolution in brazil, portugal
Explain the differences between Conservatives, Liberals and Radicals in Europe.
Conservatives - usually wealthy property owners and nobility, wanted to protect traditional monarchies
Liberals - mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants, wanted to give more power to elected parliaments
Radicals - favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people
What is nationalism
The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire, but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history
What is a unification type of nationalist movement and give two examples
Mergers of politically divided, but culturally similar lands, 19th century germany and italy
What is a separation type of nationalist movement and give two examples
Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away, Greeks in the Ottoman Empire, French-speaking Canadians
What is a state-building type of nationalist movement and give one example
Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture, the U.S.
Nationalism will help bring about the end of what three European empires
austrian, russian, ottoman
Who was Otto von Bismark and what did he achieve
Prime Minister of Prussia, Realpolitik
Why did France lose a large portion of their skilled workers when Louis XIV cancelled the Edict of Nantes
Because they thought they were being persecuted because they were protestant and not catholic so they left.
Who influenced James Madison on the belief that people need the freedom of religion
voltaire
Who influenced James Madison when he wrote the 8th Amendment that bans cruel and unusual punishment
Cesare beccaria
What group did the new constitution that was written by the National Assembly create
legislative assembly
What was the new legislature called that was created by the Legislative Assembly
national convention
How is the Haitian Revolution different from all the other revolutions that we have talked about ? Was the outcome?
It was a slave revolt, got their independence from france
What two European countries will achieve unification in 1871
Germany and italy
