09 Nervous System 1 Flashcards
What does the central nervous system include?
The brain and the spinal cord
What is the central nervous system involved in?
Integration and control
What is the peripheral nervous system?
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia on the outside of the brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?
Communication between cns and the rest of the body
What is the sensory (afferent) division of the nervous system?
The afferent division consists of nerves that convey impulses to the central nervous system from the sensory receptors. Afferent means go towards
What is the motor (efferent) division?
The efferent division carries impulses from cns to effector organs
What is the autonomic (visceral) nervous system?
Involuntary: impulses from cns to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
What is the somatic nervous system?
Voluntary, impulses from cns to skeletal muscles, spinal nerves and cranial nerves
What can the autonomic nervous system be divided into?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic division
What is the sympathetic division?
Part of the autonomic nervous system involved in fight or flight and it is stimulatory
What is the parasympathetic division?
Part of the autonomic nervous system involved in digestion, inhibitory
Whats the difference between afferent and efferent?
Afferent is going towards and efferent is moving away to the muscles and glands/effectors overall
- If you were to give an overview diagram of the central nervous system, describe how you would draw it
Like this babes
- Label the following regions of the brain
There ya go
What is the role of the sulci in the brain?
In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: “furrow”, pl. sulci) is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex. They divide each cerebral hemisphere into five lobes
What are the five anatomical areas of the cerebrum?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula (buried within the lateral sulcus)
All the anatomical areas of the cerebrum are named according to the bones they are beneath except the
Insula which is buried within the lateral sulcus
Each hemisphere of the brain has three basic regions, what are these?
The cerebral cortex, the white matter and the basal ganglia
What is the cerebral cortex?
The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum’s (brain) outer layer of neural tissue
How is the cerebral cortex described?
Grey matter; the executive suite; conscious mind
What is the function of the white matter?
Communication between cerebral areas
What is the basal ganglia?
Found deep in the brain, connecting cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. The role is unclear.
*How would you draw a diagram showing grey matter and white matter in the brain?
Like this homie
The cerebral cortex contains what? Give three areas
Motor areas controlling voluntary movement. Sensory areas concerned with conscious sensation and association areas
The two hemispheres are symmetrical but they are not entirely equal in…
function
Each hemisphere is mainly concerned with the motor and sensory functions of the
opposite side of the body
What is hemianopsia?
Hemianopsia, or hemianopia, is a decreased vision or blindness (anopsia) in half the visual field, usually on one side of the vertical midline. The most common causes of this damage are stroke, brain tumor, and trauma.
There are three main functional areas of the cerebral cortex, what are these?
The primary motor area, the sensory area and the association area (higher order processing)
- Roughly point to where the primary motor area, the sensory area and the association areas are found
There ya go
*How is blood supplied to the brain? From which vessels?
From the aortic arch via the subclavian, carotid (common, internal, external) and vertebral arteries
What do the common carotid arteries divide to form?
The external carotid arteries and the internal carotid arteries
What do the external carotid arteries supply?
Supply the head external to the brain and the orbit including thyroid, larynx, face, scalp, tongue, teeth, muscles of mastication
What do the internal carotid arteries supply?
The orbits and most of cerebrum
How do the internal carotid arteries enter the skull?
Through carotid canal in temporal bone
What do the internal carotid arteries divide to form?
Anterior and middle cerebral arteries, which provide blood to 80% of cerebrum
- How would you show blood supply to the brain through a diagram
Like this
What supplies blood to the posterior of the brain?
The right and left vertebral arteries
What do the right and left vertebral arteries pair to form?
The basilar artery
What does the basilar artery divide to form?
The posterior cerebral arteries
If you have a middle cerebral artery stroke, how much of that hemisphere is affected?
About 40%
What is the cns protected by?
A series of protective membranes
From the brain to the skull, list the meninges and spaces present
Brain, pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid, subdural space, dura mater, skull
What are the four functions of the meninges?
Cover and protect the cns. Protect blood vessels. Contain cerebrospinal fluid. Form partitions in the skull
*Label the following structures, the meninges
Done
What are the two parts of the dura mater?
The periosteal and the meningeal layer
What is the difference between the periosteal and the meningeal layer of the dura mater?
The periosteal layer is the superficial layer which serves as the skulls inner periosteum and the meningeal layer is a deep layer which is the actual dura mater
*Label the meninges on the spinal cord
There ya go
What is the strongest most durable layer out of the meninges
The dura mater
Where is the periosteal layer of the meninges found?
Found attached to the inner surface of the skull - this layer is absent in the spinal cord
What is the dural septa?
Where the two dural layers are fused they project to form partitions which limit the movement of the brain within the cranium