09 Nervous System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central nervous system include?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the central nervous system involved in?

A

Integration and control

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3
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia on the outside of the brain and spinal cord.

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4
Q

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Communication between cns and the rest of the body

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5
Q

What is the sensory (afferent) division of the nervous system?

A

The afferent division consists of nerves that convey impulses to the central nervous system from the sensory receptors. Afferent means go towards

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6
Q

What is the motor (efferent) division?

A

The efferent division carries impulses from cns to effector organs

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7
Q

What is the autonomic (visceral) nervous system?

A

Involuntary: impulses from cns to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

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8
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Voluntary, impulses from cns to skeletal muscles, spinal nerves and cranial nerves

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9
Q

What can the autonomic nervous system be divided into?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic division

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10
Q

What is the sympathetic division?

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system involved in fight or flight and it is stimulatory

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11
Q

What is the parasympathetic division?

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system involved in digestion, inhibitory

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12
Q

Whats the difference between afferent and efferent?

A

Afferent is going towards and efferent is moving away to the muscles and glands/effectors overall

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13
Q
  • If you were to give an overview diagram of the central nervous system, describe how you would draw it
A

Like this babes

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14
Q
  • Label the following regions of the brain
A

There ya go

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15
Q

What is the role of the sulci in the brain?

A

In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: “furrow”, pl. sulci) is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex. They divide each cerebral hemisphere into five lobes

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16
Q

What are the five anatomical areas of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula (buried within the lateral sulcus)

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17
Q

All the anatomical areas of the cerebrum are named according to the bones they are beneath except the

A

Insula which is buried within the lateral sulcus

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18
Q

Each hemisphere of the brain has three basic regions, what are these?

A

The cerebral cortex, the white matter and the basal ganglia

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19
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum’s (brain) outer layer of neural tissue

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20
Q

How is the cerebral cortex described?

A

Grey matter; the executive suite; conscious mind

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21
Q

What is the function of the white matter?

A

Communication between cerebral areas

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22
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Found deep in the brain, connecting cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. The role is unclear.

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23
Q

*How would you draw a diagram showing grey matter and white matter in the brain?

A

Like this homie

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24
Q

The cerebral cortex contains what? Give three areas

A

Motor areas controlling voluntary movement. Sensory areas concerned with conscious sensation and association areas

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25
Q

The two hemispheres are symmetrical but they are not entirely equal in…

A

function

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26
Q

Each hemisphere is mainly concerned with the motor and sensory functions of the

A

opposite side of the body

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27
Q

What is hemianopsia?

A

Hemianopsia, or hemianopia, is a decreased vision or blindness (anopsia) in half the visual field, usually on one side of the vertical midline. The most common causes of this damage are stroke, brain tumor, and trauma.

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28
Q

There are three main functional areas of the cerebral cortex, what are these?

A

The primary motor area, the sensory area and the association area (higher order processing)

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29
Q
  • Roughly point to where the primary motor area, the sensory area and the association areas are found
A

There ya go

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30
Q

*How is blood supplied to the brain? From which vessels?

A

From the aortic arch via the subclavian, carotid (common, internal, external) and vertebral arteries

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31
Q

What do the common carotid arteries divide to form?

A

The external carotid arteries and the internal carotid arteries

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32
Q

What do the external carotid arteries supply?

A

Supply the head external to the brain and the orbit including thyroid, larynx, face, scalp, tongue, teeth, muscles of mastication

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33
Q

What do the internal carotid arteries supply?

A

The orbits and most of cerebrum

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34
Q

How do the internal carotid arteries enter the skull?

A

Through carotid canal in temporal bone

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35
Q

What do the internal carotid arteries divide to form?

A

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries, which provide blood to 80% of cerebrum

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36
Q
  • How would you show blood supply to the brain through a diagram
A

Like this

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37
Q

What supplies blood to the posterior of the brain?

A

The right and left vertebral arteries

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38
Q

What do the right and left vertebral arteries pair to form?

A

The basilar artery

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39
Q

What does the basilar artery divide to form?

A

The posterior cerebral arteries

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40
Q

If you have a middle cerebral artery stroke, how much of that hemisphere is affected?

A

About 40%

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41
Q

What is the cns protected by?

A

A series of protective membranes

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42
Q

From the brain to the skull, list the meninges and spaces present

A

Brain, pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid, subdural space, dura mater, skull

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43
Q

What are the four functions of the meninges?

A

Cover and protect the cns. Protect blood vessels. Contain cerebrospinal fluid. Form partitions in the skull

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44
Q

*Label the following structures, the meninges

A

Done

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45
Q

What are the two parts of the dura mater?

A

The periosteal and the meningeal layer

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46
Q

What is the difference between the periosteal and the meningeal layer of the dura mater?

A

The periosteal layer is the superficial layer which serves as the skulls inner periosteum and the meningeal layer is a deep layer which is the actual dura mater

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47
Q

*Label the meninges on the spinal cord

A

There ya go

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48
Q

What is the strongest most durable layer out of the meninges

A

The dura mater

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49
Q

Where is the periosteal layer of the meninges found?

A

Found attached to the inner surface of the skull - this layer is absent in the spinal cord

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50
Q

What is the dural septa?

A

Where the two dural layers are fused they project to form partitions which limit the movement of the brain within the cranium

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51
Q

Give an example of a dural septa and where is it found in the brain?

A

The falx cerebri along the longitudinal fissure

52
Q

Describe the composition of the arachnoid layer of the brain meninges

A

It is a loose covering, named for its web-like projections which secure it to the pia mater

53
Q

What is a sulci?

A

In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: “furrow”, pl. sulci) is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex.

54
Q

What separates the arachnoid layer from the dura mater?

A

By a thin, fluid filled subdural space

55
Q

Where in the brain is the arachnoid layer found?

A

Around the surface of the brain but not extending into the sulci

56
Q

What separates the arachnoid layer from the pia mater?

A

The wider subarachnoid space

57
Q

Describe the pia mater and where it is found in the brain

A

It is highly vascularised, clings tightly to the brain

58
Q

Where is the spinal cord found?

A

enclosed in the vertebral column running from the foramen magnum of the skull to the level of l1 or l2

59
Q

Function of the spinal cord is?

A

provides communication to and from the brain

60
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by

A

like the brain, protected by bone, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

61
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerve roots issue from the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

62
Q

Where are the spinal nerves enlarged?

A

In the cervical and lumbosacral regions where the nerves serving the upper and lower limbs arise

63
Q

What is cauda equina?

A

during development, the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord so lower spinal nerves chase their exit points inferiorly

64
Q

What two parts make up the somatic nervous system

A

the spinal nerves and the cranial nerves - voluntary

65
Q

How many spinal nerves are there

A

31 x 2

66
Q

How many cranial nerves are there

A

12 x 2

67
Q

The visceral nervous system/ autonomic nervous system can be divided into

A

the sympathetic and the parasympathetic

68
Q

How can you remember the names of the 12 cranial nerve pairs?

A

Oh once one takes the anatomy final, apparently good vacations are heavenly

69
Q

How can you remember whether the 12 cranial nerve pairs are sensory, motor or both?

A

Some say money matters but my brother says big brain matters most

70
Q

Name the twelve cranial nerves

A

Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, accoustic, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

71
Q

Is the following nerve sensory, motor or both? : olfactory

A

sensory

72
Q

Is the following nerve sensory, motor or both? : optic

A

sensory

73
Q

Is the following nerve sensory, motor or both? : oculomotor

A

motor

74
Q

Is the following nerve sensory, motor or both? : trochlear

A

motor

75
Q

Is the following nerve sensory, motor or both? : trigeminal

A

both

76
Q

Is the following nerve sensory, motor or both? : abducens

A

motor

77
Q

Is the following nerve sensory, motor or both? : facial

A

both

78
Q

Is the following nerve sensory, motor or both? : auditory/

A

sensory

79
Q

Is the following nerve sensory, motor or both? : glossopharyngeal

A

both

80
Q

Is the following nerve sensory, motor or both? : vagus

A

both

81
Q

Is the following nerve sensory, motor or both? : spinal accessory

A

motor

82
Q

Is the following nerve sensory, motor or both? : hypoglossal

A

motor

83
Q

What is the function of the olfactory nerve

A

smell

84
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve

A

vision

85
Q

what is the function of the oculomotor nerve

A

eye movement

86
Q

what is the function of the trochlear nerve

A

eye movement

87
Q

what is the function of the trigeminal nerve

A

facial sensation, mastication

88
Q

what is the function of the abducens nerve

A

eye movement

89
Q

what is the function of the facial nerve

A

facial expression, taste, salivation, tears

90
Q

What is the function of the auditory nerve

A

balance, hearing

91
Q

what is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

taste, salivation, innervation of pharynx

92
Q

what is the function of the vagus

A

swallowing and talking, cardiac, gi tract, taste

93
Q

what is the function of the accessory nerve

A

pharynx, larynx muscles, neck and shoulder movement

94
Q

what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve

A

tongue movement

95
Q

why is the auditory nerve sometimes described as both sensory and motor and not just sensory

A

because it has a small motor component that adjusts the sensitivity of the sense receptors

96
Q

What does the vestibular branch of the auditory nerve transmit

A

afferent impulses related to equilibrium

97
Q

what does the cochlear branch of the auditory nerve transmit

A

impulses related to hearing

98
Q

where does the motor component of the auditory nerve come in?

A

adjusting the sensitivity of the sensory receptors

99
Q

spinal nerves are named according to their

A

points of issue

100
Q

*label the spinal nerves here

A

there ya go

101
Q

why are there 8 cervical nerves but only 7 cervical vertebrae?

A

the first 7 spinal nerves arise superior to the vertebrae for which they are named , spinal nerve 8 arises inferior to the seventh cervical vertebrae

102
Q

each spinal nerve attaches to the spinal cord via what structures?

A

the dorsal and ventral roots

103
Q

what types of fibres do ventral roots contain

A

motor efferent fibres

104
Q

what types of fibres do dorsal roots contain

A

sensory afferent fibres

105
Q

what do the motor fibres coming from the ventral roots and the sensory fibres from the dorsal roots unite to form

A

the spinal nerve

106
Q

*how would you draw a diagram of a somatic spinal nerve

A

there ya go

107
Q

What is an area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve called

A

a dermatome

108
Q

What is hiltons law?

A

any nerve serving a muscle that produces a movement at a joint also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint

109
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

it gives rise to virtually all the nerves that innervate the upper limb

110
Q

what is the broad structure of the brachial plexus in five words

A

the roots, trunks, divisions, cords and major terminal branches

111
Q

what is the root of the brachial plexus

A

the ventral rami of c5-t1

112
Q

what are the major terminal branches of the brachial plexus nerve

A

the musculocutaneous, the median, ulnar, radial and axillary nerves

113
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate?

A

the muscles on the back of the forearm which are the ones that extend the wrist and all fingers

114
Q

what does the ulnar nerve innervate

A

muscles on the underside of the forearm, plus the flexors of digits 4 and 5

115
Q

what does the median nerve innervate

A

muscles on the underside of the forearm including the wrist flexors and flexors of the thumb and first two fingers

116
Q

*What does damaging the ulnar nerve result in

A

the digits 4 and 5 being hyperextended at the metacarpophalangeal joints but flexed at distal phalangeal joints

117
Q

Why is damaging the ulnar nerve common?

A

the ulnar nerve is easily damaged - it is the funny bone at the elbow

118
Q

What would damaging the median nerve result in?

A

digits 1-3 being hyperextended

119
Q

why is damaging the median nerve not as common

A

because the median nerves runs deep and is well protected

120
Q

what would damaging the brachial plexus nerve at the armpit cause

A

both the ulnar and median nerve being affected resulting in the brachial plexus claw

121
Q

what does the autonomic visceral nervous system do

A

regulates glands, smooth muscle and cardia muscle

122
Q

the autonomic visceral nervous system uses two neuron chain, what is this

A

the preganglionic neuron - from brain or spinal cord to autonomic ganglion outside cns. the postganglonic neuron, from ganglion to effector organ

123
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

expends energy (catabolic) or stimulates

124
Q

which nerves are involved in the sympathetic nervous system

A

spinal nerves t1 - l2

125
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

conserves energy (anabolic) or calms

126
Q

Which nerves are involved in the parasympathetic section of the autonomic nervous system

A

cn 3 7 9 10 and s2-4