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Human Anatomy > 05 Muscles > Flashcards

05 Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four general functions of muscles? List them

A
  1. Movement 2. Maintenance of posture 3. Joint stabilisation 4. Heat generation
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2
Q

How do muscles generate heat and why is this important in the maintenance of body temperature?

A

Muscles generate heat as they contract; since skeletal muscle accounts for 40% of body mass, this is very important in maintaining body temperature

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3
Q

What are the four properties of muscle tissues?

A
  1. Contractility 2. Excitability 3. Extensibility 4. Elasticity
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4
Q

What does the property of muscles contractility allow?

A

The ability to shorten forcefully

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5
Q

What does the property of muscles excitability allow?

A

Responsiveness to stimulus

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6
Q

What does the property of muscles extensibility allow?

A

Ability to be stretched even beyond resting length

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7
Q

What does the property elasticity allow?

A

Ability to return to original length after stretching

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8
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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9
Q

Where are skeletal muscles located?

A

Mostly attached to bones / or skin for some facial muscles

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10
Q

Describe the shape of skeletal muscle cells.

A

Single, long, cylindrical and multinucleate cells with obvious striations

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11
Q

What is the speed of contraction of skeletal muscle?

A

Slow to fast

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12
Q

How is skeletal muscle contraction regulated?

A

Voluntary via the somatic nervous system

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13
Q

What is the effect of the nervous system on the skeletal muscle?

A

Excitation only

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14
Q

Does the skeletal muscle have a rhythmic contraction?

A

No babes

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15
Q

What type of respiration takes place in the skeletal muscle type?

A

Aerobic or anaerobic

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16
Q

What three key words should come to mind when describing skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal, striated, voluntary

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17
Q

Where is the cardiac muscle located?

A

In the walls of the heart

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18
Q

How would you describe the cell shape and appearance of cardiac muscle?

A

Branching chains, uni-or bi-nucleate, striations present

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19
Q

What is the speed of contraction of cardiac muscle?

A

Slow

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20
Q

How is the cardiac muscle contraction regulated?

A

Involuntary control

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21
Q

What is the effect of nervous system stimulation on cardiac muscle?

A

Excitation or inhibition

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22
Q

Does the cardiac muscle have a rhythmic contraction?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What type of respiration occurs in cardiac muscles?

A

Aerobic

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24
Q

Where would you find smooth muscle?

A

Single unit muscle in walls of hollow visceral organs (except heart), multiunit muscle in intrinsic eye muscles, airways and large arteries

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25
Q

How would you describe the cell shape of smooth muscle cells?

A

Uninucleate with no striations

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26
Q

What is the speed of contraction of smooth muscle?

A

Very slow

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27
Q

How would you describe the regulation of contraction of smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary

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28
Q

What is the effect of the nervous system stimulation on the smooth muscle?

A

Excitation or inhibition

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29
Q

Is the contraction of smooth muscle cells rhythmic?

A

Yes in single unit muscle

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30
Q

How would you describe the respiration in smooth muscle?

A

Mainly aerobic

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31
Q

Roughly how many muscles in the human body?

A

Over 600

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32
Q

Muscles have points of ____ and _____. Fill in the gaps.

A

Origin and insertions

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33
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

The point which does not move when the muscle contracts

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34
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

The point which does move when the muscle contracts

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35
Q

What type of muscle is this and give an example.

A

Parallel (strap-like). An example would be sternocleidomastoid

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36
Q

What type of muscle is this and give an example.

A

Circular - orbicularis oris

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37
Q

What type of muscle is this and give an example

A

Convergent and the pectoralis major

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38
Q

What type of muscle is this and give an example

A

Multipennate - deltoid

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39
Q

What type of muscle is this and give an example

A

Parallel: fusiform. Biceps brachii

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40
Q

What type of muscle is this and give an example

A

Bipennate - rectus femoris

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41
Q

What type of muscle is this and give an example

A

Unipennate and flexor pollicis longus

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42
Q

What does the anatomical term for motion adduct mean?

A

To move a structure towards the midline of the body

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43
Q

What does the anatomical term for motion abduct mean?

A

To move a structure away from the midline of the body

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44
Q

What does the anatomical term for motion extend mean?

A

Extend - to stretch limb segments away from one another

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45
Q

What does the anatomical term for motion flex mean?

A

To contract limb segments closer to one another

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46
Q

What does pronate and supinate mean?

A

pronate - to turn face down or palm down. supinate - to turn face up or palm up

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47
Q

What does dorsiflex and plantar flex mean?

A

Dorsiflex - to rotate the foot up. Plantarflex - to rotate the foot down

48
Q

Skeletal muscle names are named according to various features. List some features that play a role in the naming of muscles.

A

Location, costal muscles to do with the ribs, shape deltoid is triangular , size- gluteus maximus, function adductor longus,

49
Q

Why are the muscles that control facial expressions unsual?

A

They insert into skin or other muscles rather than bones

50
Q

What are the facial muscles controlled by?

A

The cranial nerve (CN) VII, the facial nerve

51
Q

What four pairs of muscles are involved in mastication?

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

52
Q

The muscles involved in mastication are enervated by which nerve?

A

cranial nerve 5 the trigeminal

53
Q

Name three extrinsic tongue muscles

A

Genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus

54
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue enervated by, nerve wise?

A

By the cn xii (12) the hypoglossal

55
Q

Point to the following muscles and then compare your answer: Occipitofrontalis, temporalis, orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus, orbicularis oris, masseter, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius.

A

There ya go

56
Q

Focusing on the muscles of the thorax and arm, what are the most superficial muscles of the thorax? Where do they run to?

A

The extrinsic shoulder muscles running from the ribs/vertebral column to the pectoral girdle

57
Q

What is the most flexible joint in the body and what is special about it?

A

The shoulder joint is the most flexible and because of this, it is extremely complex

58
Q

In the arm which muscles cause flexion and which muscles cause extension?

A

Flexion - anterior muscles. Extension - posterior muscles.

59
Q

When do the posterior and anterior muscles separate and what do they separate from?

A

They separate from a large muscle mass as the long bones form during development (about week 8)

60
Q

When do the lower limbs form/muscles separate

A

about 1-2 days behind the upper limbs

61
Q

From the anterior side, point to the deltoid, pectroalis major, biceps brachii, rectus abdominis, external oblique and brachioradialis. Then look at the image on the back of this card

A

There ya go

62
Q

List the following principal superficial muscles of the body from the posterior side. Trapezius, deltoid, triceps brachii, latissium dorsi, gluteus maximus. Then flip over homie.

A

There ya go

63
Q

Point to the following muscles on the anterior side and then flip over. Sartorius, rectus femoris and tibialis anterior.

A

There x

64
Q

Point to the following muscles of the body on the posterior side and flip over. you know the drill. Biceps femoris, Gastrocnemius (lateral and medial heads) and the calcaneal (achilles tendon)

A

x

65
Q

What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

The sternum and clavicle

66
Q

What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Mastoid process of temporal bone

67
Q

What action does the sternocleidomastoid play a role in?

A

The flexion of the head and neck

68
Q

What is the origin of the temporalis muscle?

A

The temporal fossa

69
Q

What is the insertion of the temporalis muscle?

A

The mandible

70
Q

What action does the temporalis muscle aid in?

A

The elevation and retraction of the mandible

71
Q

What is the origin of the masseter muscle?

A

The zygomatic arch and the maxilla

72
Q

What is the insertion of the masseter muscle?

A

The mandible

73
Q

What action does the masseter aid in?

A

Elevates the mandible

74
Q

There are three types of joints. What are these

A

Synarthroses. Amphiarthroses. Diarthroses/synovial joints

75
Q

What are synarthroses?

A

Immoveable joints

76
Q

What are amphiarthroses?

A

Slightly moveable joints

77
Q

What are diarthroses or synovial joints?

A

Freely moveable joints

78
Q

In synarthroses, the edges of bones are in ____ proximity and in some causes _____.

A

Close, interlock

79
Q

What are the four major types of immoveable joints/ synarthroses?

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Gomphoses
  3. Synchondroses
  4. Synostoses
80
Q

Sutures, a type of synathroses joint are located where?

A

Between the bones of the skull

81
Q

Gomphoses, a type of synarthroses joint is located where?

A

Binding teeth to maxilla/mandible

82
Q

Synchondroses, a type of synarthroses joint are located where and how would you describe this joint?

A

A rigid cartilagenous bridge between to articulating bones - e.g. cartilage connecting first pair of vertebrosternal ribs to sternum

83
Q

Synostoses, a type of synarthroses joint can be described as? Where is it found?

A

A total rigid joint created when bones fuse completely - e.g. metopic suture which separates paired frontal bones at birth

84
Q

Wha connects amphiarthroses?

A

Collagen fibres or cartilage

85
Q

What are the two principle types of amphiarthroses?

A

Syndesmoses and symphyses

86
Q

What is the difference between the two subgroups of amphiarthroses, the syndesmoses and the symphyses?

A

The syndesmoses are connected by ligament and the sympheses are separated by cartilage

87
Q

Give an example of where the sub group of ampharthroses, the syndesmoses is found

A

The distal articulation between the tibia and fibula

88
Q

Give an example of where the sub group of the amphiarthroses and symphyses is found

A

Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

89
Q

What do the diarthroses/ synovial joints allow?

A

A wide range of movement

90
Q

Where are diarthroses typically found?

A

At the end of long bones such as the femur, humerus, radius

91
Q

What do diarthroses contain which makes them different to the synarthroses and amphiarthroses?

A

Diarthroses contain synovial fluid

92
Q

List three functions of the synovial fluid found in diarthroses joints

A
  1. Lubricant
  2. Aids in nutrient distribution and waste disposal
  3. Shock absorption
93
Q

How much synovial fluid is found, even in the larger joints such as the knee?

A

Less than 3ml

94
Q

How are synovial joints stabilised?

A

By ligaments, muscles, tendons or by other bones

95
Q

There are three types of articular motion, what are these?

A
  1. Linear (gliding)
  2. Angular
  3. Rotation
96
Q

Describe the linear type of articular motion

A

A gliding motion, side to side across the surface.

97
Q

Where can the linear gliding type of articular motion be found?

A

Intercarpal and intertarsal joints

98
Q

Describe angular motion which is a type of articular motion

A

Angular is when the tip stays put but the angle changes.

99
Q

Give an example of where angular motion occurs in the body

A

Flexion and extension of the elbow

100
Q

How is flexion a type of angular motion?

A

You are decreasing the angle of a joint

101
Q

How is extension a type of angular motion?

A

You are increasing the angle of a joint

102
Q

How is abduction an example of angular motion?

A

Moving away from the midline

103
Q

How is adduction an example of angular movement

A

Moving towards the midline

104
Q

How is circumduction an example of angular motion?

A

You are moving a limb so it describes a cone with the distal end moving in a circle

105
Q

Describe the rotation type of articular motion and give an example of where this occurs.

A

Obviously rotating haha, occurs between c1 and c2

106
Q

What is protraction and retraction?

A

Moving the jaw forwards and backwards

107
Q

What is elevation and depression?

A

Lifting the shoudlers up and down

108
Q

What is the type of movement called opposition?

A

Touching thumb to the fingers

109
Q

Why are these motions described separately to the other three categoreis of rotation, anguar and linear?: Pronation, dorsiflexion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, opposition?

A

These are types of movement that do not fit easily into the categories of angular, linear or rotation

110
Q

List the six types of synovial/diarthroses joint

A

Plane joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint, ball and socket joint

111
Q

Where is a plane joint - a type of synovial joint present?

A

Intercarpal in the hand

112
Q

Where is the hinge joint present?

A

The elbow joint

113
Q

Where can you find the pivot joint?

A

Proximal radioulnar joint

114
Q

Where is the condyloid joint?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint

115
Q

Where is the saddle joint?

A

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

116
Q

Where is the ball and socket joint?

A

Shoulder joint

117
Q

Why does an electric shock cause you to grip?

A

Electric shock causes contraction of flexors and extensors but the anatomy of the hand is more geared towards flexion that extension. Flexors of the fingers are 62% stronger than extensors.

Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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