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Human Anatomy > 06 Lever Mechanics > Flashcards

06 Lever Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

The human skeleton has roughly how many bones?

A

206

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2
Q

Together, the skeletal and muscular systems comprise the

A

Musculoskeletal system

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3
Q

What determines the lever efficiency?

A

The position of insertion relative to joints determines the lever efficiency

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4
Q

What is considered the most complex joint in the body and why?

A

The shoulder joint because it has the widest range of movement

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5
Q

What type of joint exists at the shoulder and how is it formed?

A

Ball and socket - articulation of humerus with glenoid cavity of scapula

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6
Q

Movement of the arm involves…

A

Muscles acting on the humerus at the shoulder joint Muscles that rotate the scapula

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7
Q

Which muscles are involved in raising the arm (the upward rotators of the scapula)?

A

Upward rotators of the scapula - trapezius and serratus anterior

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8
Q

Which muscles are involved in raising the arm (the abductors and flexors of the humerus at the shoulder joint)?

A

The deltoid, the supraspinatus and the pectoralis major

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9
Q

Which downward rotators of the scapula are involved in lowering the arm?

A

The levator scapulae, the rhomboids and the pectorialis minor

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10
Q

Which adductors and flexors of the humerus at the shoulder joint are involved in lowering the arm?

A

Latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major

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11
Q

Protraction can occur at the shoulder, which muscles are involved in this?

A

Serratus anterior and pectoralis minor

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12
Q

Retraction can occur at the shoulder, which muscles are involved in this?

A

Trapezius, rhomboids and latissimus dorsi

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13
Q

What is a fulcrum?

A

The point against which a lever turns when it is supported

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14
Q

What are the three possible arrangements of levers?

A

load, fulcrum effort fulcrum, load, effort fulcrum, effort, load

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15
Q

What is the load in a biological lever?

A

The action

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16
Q

What is the fulcrum in a biological lever?

A

The joint

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17
Q

What is the effort in a biological lever?

A

The muscle

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18
Q

There are three classes of lever, what are these?

A

Class 1, class 2 and class 3

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19
Q

What is the method to remember the three types of lever?

A

fle

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20
Q

Describe a class one lever?

A

The fulcrum is between the effort and the load

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21
Q

Describe a class two lever?

A

The load is between the fulcrum and the effort

22
Q

Describe a class three lever?

A

The effort is between the fulcrum and the load

23
Q

Give three mechanical examples of a class one lever?

A

A seesaw, scissors (two class one levers) and a hammer

24
Q

Give two mechanical examples of a class two lever?

A

A wheelbarrow and nutcrackers (two class 2 levers)

25
Q

Give a mechanical example of a class three lever?

A

A castle drawbridge

26
Q

Give two examples of a biological class one lever

A

The extension of the elbow - pushing or pulling down Holding the head up

27
Q

Give an example of a biological class two lever

A

The plantarflexion of the ankle - for example pressing the brake in a car

28
Q

Give two biological examples of a class three lever

A

The flexion of the elbow (lifting) Elevation of the mandible

29
Q

Describe how the class 1 lever, the extension of the elbow works

A
30
Q

Explain how the class one lever of holding the head up works

A
31
Q

Explain how the class 2 lever, the plantarflexion of the ankle works

A
32
Q

Explain how the class three lever, flexion of the elbow works

A
33
Q

Explain how the class 3 lever, elevation of the mandible works

A
34
Q

In the class 3 lever of the elevation of the mandible, where is the fulcrum?

A

Temperomandibular joint

35
Q

In the class three lever of the elevation of the mandible, where is the effort?

A

The temporalis and massetter inserting on the muscle

36
Q

In the class three lever of the elevation of the mandible, where is the load?

A

The weight of the mandible

37
Q

Moment arms help to determine what in lever mechanics?

A

The strength of movement

38
Q

What does the efficiency of a lever depend on?

A

The moment arm of the load and the moment arm of the effort

39
Q

What is the equation for calculating efficiency of a lever mechanic?

A

Efficiency = moment arm of effort/ moment arm of load

40
Q

Which of the two would you expect to have a higher efficiency?

A

The first because the moment arm of effort is greater

41
Q

Why does a cat have a higher efficiency when comparing the moment arms

A

When using the equation, efficiency = ma effort/ ma load, the human comes out at a lower efficiency compared to the cat

42
Q

Efficiency is a trade of between which two factors?

A

Strength and speed

43
Q

Explain the difference between a and b

A

B the stride is longer, but the moment arm of load is increased so the efficiency is reduced

44
Q

Levers do two types of jobs, what are these?

A

They amplify force or they amplify distamce

45
Q

Give an example of a lever that amplifies force

A

A crowbar

46
Q

Give an example of a lever that amplifies distance

A

A cricket bat

47
Q

What is the critical features that distinguishes levers that amplify force and levers that amplify distance?

A

The relative distance of effort and load from the fulcrum

48
Q

Describe force amplifying levers

A

The distance to effort is greater than the distance to the load

49
Q

Describe levers that amplify distance

A

The distance to load is greater than the distance to the effort

50
Q

Most common tools are ____ amplifiers, (e.g. can opener, pliers, screwdrivers, spanners) but in nature _____ amplifiers are more common

A

Force, distance

51
Q
A

Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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