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Human Anatomy > 02 Skeleton > Flashcards

02 Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

The skeleton is subdivided into two divisions, what are these?

A

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

The vertebral column and thoracic cage - longitudinal axis of the body

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3
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

The bones of the limbs and girls. So limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle.

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4
Q

The vertebral column fulfils a number of functions, list three.

A
  1. Protects the spinal cord 2. Transmits weight from the skull to the pelvis 3. Provides attachment points for ribs and muscles of back and neck
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5
Q

The vertebral column is divided into five distinct regions, what are these?

A
  1. Cervical vertebrae 2. Thoracic vertebrae 3. Lumbar vertebrae 4. Sacrum 5. Coccyx
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6
Q

How many vertebra make up the cervical region of the vertebral column?

A

7

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7
Q

How many vertebra make up the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

A

12

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8
Q

How many vertebra make up the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

A

5

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9
Q

List a way in which you can easily remember how many vertebrae make up each of the different regions of the vertebral column.

A

7 - breakfast, 12 - lunch, 5 - tea/dinner if you’re fat

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10
Q

How many vertebrae make up the sacrum?

A

five fused vertebrae

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11
Q

How many vertebrae make up the coccyx

A

Four - sometimes 3, sometimes 5

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12
Q

Why do the individual vertebrae become larger moving downwards?

A

Because they bear the weight of those above them, duh

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13
Q

What does concave mean?

A

The word concave means curving in or hollowed inward,

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14
Q

What does convex mean?

A

Convex means curving out or extending outward

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15
Q

Describe how the s shape of the vertebral column comes about by concave/convex structures of different regions

A
  1. Cervical region - concave 2. Thoracic region - convex 3. Lumbar region - concave 4. Sacrum - convex
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16
Q

What are the two atypical highly specialised cervical vertebrae called?

A

c1 - atlas c2 - axis

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17
Q

What does the atlas allow?

A

The nodding movement of the head

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18
Q

What does the atlas lack in structure?

A

The body and spinous processes

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19
Q

What structure of the atlas houses the occipital condyles of the skull?

A

The superior articular facets

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20
Q

What is the missing body of the atlas called and where is it found?

A

The odontoid process (dens) found on c2 axis - fuses with the axis during development

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21
Q

What does the axis allow the head to do?

A

Rotate laterally

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22
Q

How would you describe the body of a typical cervical vertebrae?

A

An oval body

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23
Q

How would you describe the spinous processes on the cervical vertebrae from c3-c7?

A

Short and bifid except for c7 which is not bifid

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24
Q

How would you describe the foramen of the cervical vertebrae from c3-c7?

A

Large, triangular vertebral foramen

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25
Q

What is special about the transverse processes on the typical cervical vertebraes?

A

They have a transverse foramen which allows the passage of vertebral arteries to the brain

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26
Q

The non bifid spinous process of c7 can be seen

A

through the skin

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27
Q

What is c7 also known as?

A

The vertebra prominens

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28
Q

How would you describe the body of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Heart shaped

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29
Q

What are the two demifacets (superior and inferior costal facets) on each side of the thoracic vertebrae for?

A

They articulate with the heads of the ribs

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30
Q

How would you describe the foramen of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Circular

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31
Q

How would you describe the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Long, downward pointing spinous processes

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32
Q

What are the transverse costal facets on the transverse processes for?

A

To articulate with the tubercles of the ribs except t11 and t12

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33
Q

The lumbar vertebrae bear the greatest load, this is reflected by the more

A

robust size

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34
Q

How would you describe the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Large, kidney shaped bodies

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35
Q

How would you describe the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Short, flat spinous processes

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36
Q

How would you describe the vertebral foramen of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Triangular

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37
Q

How is the sacrum formed?

A

By the fusion of s1-s5

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38
Q

What three structures does the sacrum articulate with?

A

With l5, coccyx and iliac bone of pelvis

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39
Q

What marks the sites of vertebral fusion in the sacrum?

A

Transverse ridges

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40
Q

What marks the site of fusion of spinous processes in the sacrum?

A

Median sacral crest

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41
Q

Where is the body’s centre of gravity?

A

It lies about 1cm posterior to sacral promontory

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42
Q

What does the coccyx articulate with?

A

The sacrum

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43
Q

What is the function of the coccyx?

A

Provides slight support for pelvic organs, otherwise largely without function

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44
Q

What does the thoracic cage consist of? 4 parts

A
  1. Thoracic vertebrae 2. Ribs 3. Sternum 4. Costal cartilages
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45
Q

Describe the structure of the thoracic cage

A

Roughly cone shaped, wider at bottom

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46
Q

List three functions of the thoracic cage

A
  1. Protects the heart and lungs 2. Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs 3. Provides attachment for muscles of neck, back, chest and shoulders
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47
Q

How many ribs are there and how are they attached to the thoracic vertebrae?

A

12 pairs - all attached posteriorly

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48
Q

What does vertebrochondral mean in terms of ribs?

A

pertaining to a vertebra and a costal cartilage.

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49
Q

Which ribs are true ribs and why?

A

Ribs 1-7 are true (or vertebrochondral) attaching directly to sternum via individual costal cartilages

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50
Q

Which ribs are false and why?

A

Ribs 8-10 are false (still vertebrochondral) ribs attached indirectly to the sternum

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51
Q

Which ribs are vertebral or floating ribs and why?

A

Ribs 11-12 are vertebral or floating ribs without anterior attachments

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52
Q

Which three bones fuse together to form the sternum?

A

The manubrium (handle), the body and the xiphoid process (sword shaped process)

53
Q

What eight bones make up the carpals of the hands?

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate

54
Q

What are the phalanges that make up the hand?

A

Distal phalanges, intermediate phalanges, proximal phalanges, metacarpals and carpals

55
Q

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

A

The clavicle and the scapula

56
Q

Describe the shape of the clavicle

A

S shaped

57
Q

What is the function of the clavicle?

A

Braces shoulder keeping upper limb away from the midline

58
Q

The clavicle may thicken in people accustomed to

A

heavy labour

59
Q

The most frequently broken bone in the body is the

A

clavicle causes the shoulder to drop

60
Q

Describe the structure of the scapula

A

Triangular with superior, medial and lateral borders

61
Q

What ribs does the scapula overlie?

A

ribs 3-7

62
Q

What are the three key parts of the scapula?

A
  1. Acromion 2. Caracoid process 3. Glenoid cavity
63
Q

What does the acromion articulate with?

A

The clavicle

64
Q

What does the caracoid process do?

A

Attachment for biceps brachii and other muscles of the arm

65
Q

What does the glenoid cavity articulate with?

A

With the head of the humerus

66
Q

What seven bones make up the tarsals of the foot?

A
  1. medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiform bones 2. talus 3. calcaneus 4. cuboid 5. navicular
67
Q

Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

the ilium, pubis and ischium

68
Q

What is pubic symphysis?

A

A cartilaginous joint uniting left and right pubis

69
Q

Why is the pubic symphysis used in forensic anthropology to estimate the age of skeletons?

A

It wears at a more or less predictable rate

70
Q

What is the difference in the pelvis of males and females?

A

The iliac crest and general breadth. the size of pelvis opening

71
Q

What is the difference between shoulder breadth in males and females?

A

Males have a greater shoulder breadth

72
Q

What is the difference between the ribcage in males and females?

A

Ribcage barreled in males, flatter in females

73
Q

What is the difference between the male and female jaw?

A

Squarer jaw in males

74
Q

What is the difference between male and female brow ridges?

A

Heavier brow ridges in males

75
Q

What is the difference between the mastoid process in males?

A

More robust

76
Q

What is the difference between male and female occipital protubuerance?

A

More prominent external occipital protuberance in males

77
Q

What is the difference between the temporal line in males and females?

A

Extended in males - this is where the temporalis muscle attaches by the way

78
Q

What is the supraorbital notch or foramen?

A

Above the eyes allows passage of supraorbital nerve, supraorbital vein and supraorbital artery

79
Q

What is a myth related to the supraorbital notch or foramen?

A

Sometimes claimed that females have a notch and males a foramen, this is incorrect and quite often skulls have both

80
Q

The shape of the pelvic inlet differs between males and females in which way?

A

Round in females, quite narrow in males

81
Q

The shape of the pelvic outlet differs in male and females how?

A

Females sacrum and coccyx is pushed outwards

82
Q

Point to the cranial, the axial and appendicular skeleton on yourself

A

There

83
Q

Point to the clavicle

A
84
Q

Point to the scapula

A
85
Q

Point to the sternum

A
86
Q

Point to the humerus

A
87
Q

Point to the ulna

A
88
Q

Point to the radius

A
89
Q

Point to the sacrum

A
90
Q

Point to the carpals

A
91
Q

Point to the metacarpals

A
92
Q

Point to the phalanges

A
93
Q

Point to the femur

A
94
Q

Point to the patella

A
95
Q

Point to the tibia

A
96
Q

Point to the fibula

A
97
Q

Point to the tarsals

A
98
Q

Point to the metatarsals

A
99
Q

Point to the phalanges on the foot

A
100
Q

Point to the concave and convex sections of your spine

A
101
Q

What bone is this?

A

That is the c1

102
Q

What bone is this?

A

That is c2

103
Q

What bone is this and explain one special feature?

A

c7 - prominent non bifid spinous process

104
Q

What vertebra is this? and why?

A

thoracic , heart shaped body, circular vertebral foramen, long downward pointing spinous process, transverse costal facets on transverse proceses to articulate with tubercles of ribs except t11 and t12

105
Q

WHat bone is this?

A

t3

106
Q

What bone is this?

A

t11

107
Q

What bone is this?

A

l2

108
Q

Point to the manubrium, the body and the xiphoid process of the thoracic cage

A
109
Q

Point to the distal phalanges, the intermediate phalanges, the proximal phalanges, the metacarpals and the carpals

A
110
Q

Point to the trapezium

A
111
Q

Point to the trapezoid

A
112
Q

Point to the capitate

A
113
Q

Point to the head of the capitate

A

Position 4

114
Q

Point to the hamate

A
115
Q

Point to the hook of hamate

A

position 6

116
Q

Point to the scaphoid

A
117
Q

Point to the lunate

A
118
Q

Point to the triquetral

A
119
Q

Point to the pisiform

A
120
Q

What is this shown?

A

Clavicle

121
Q

What is this shown?

A

The scapula

122
Q

What does the A, the Cp and the Gc stand for?

A

acronim articulates with the clavicle

coracoid process attachment for biceps brachii and other muscles of arm

glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus

123
Q

Point to the tarsals

A
124
Q

Point to the talus

A
125
Q

Point to the calcaneus

A
126
Q

Point to the cuboid

A
127
Q

Point to the navicular

A
128
Q

Point to the ilium, the pubis and the ischium and the pubic symphysis

A

Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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