02 Skeleton Flashcards by Sara Fay

The skeleton is subdivided into two divisions, what are these?

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

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What makes up the axial skeleton?

The vertebral column and thoracic cage - longitudinal axis of the body

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What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

The bones of the limbs and girls. So limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle.

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The vertebral column fulfils a number of functions, list three.

Protects the spinal cord 2. Transmits weight from the skull to the pelvis 3. Provides attachment points for ribs and muscles of back and neck

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The vertebral column is divided into five distinct regions, what are these?

Cervical vertebrae 2. Thoracic vertebrae 3. Lumbar vertebrae 4. Sacrum 5. Coccyx

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How many vertebra make up the cervical region of the vertebral column?

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How many vertebra make up the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

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How many vertebra make up the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

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List a way in which you can easily remember how many vertebrae make up each of the different regions of the vertebral column.

7 - breakfast, 12 - lunch, 5 - tea/dinner if you’re fat

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How many vertebrae make up the sacrum?

five fused vertebrae

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How many vertebrae make up the coccyx

Four - sometimes 3, sometimes 5

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Why do the individual vertebrae become larger moving downwards?

Because they bear the weight of those above them, duh

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What does concave mean?

The word concave means curving in or hollowed inward,

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What does convex mean?

Convex means curving out or extending outward

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Describe how the s shape of the vertebral column comes about by concave/convex structures of different regions

Cervical region - concave 2. Thoracic region - convex 3. Lumbar region - concave 4. Sacrum - convex

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What are the two atypical highly specialised cervical vertebrae called?

c1 - atlas c2 - axis

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What does the atlas allow?

The nodding movement of the head

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What does the atlas lack in structure?

The body and spinous processes

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What structure of the atlas houses the occipital condyles of the skull?

The superior articular facets

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What is the missing body of the atlas called and where is it found?

The odontoid process (dens) found on c2 axis - fuses with the axis during development

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What does the axis allow the head to do?

Rotate laterally

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How would you describe the body of a typical cervical vertebrae?

An oval body

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How would you describe the spinous processes on the cervical vertebrae from c3-c7?

Short and bifid except for c7 which is not bifid

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How would you describe the foramen of the cervical vertebrae from c3-c7?

Large, triangular vertebral foramen

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What is special about the transverse processes on the typical cervical vertebraes?

They have a transverse foramen which allows the passage of vertebral arteries to the brain

The non bifid spinous process of c7 can be seen

through the skin

What is c7 also known as?

The vertebra prominens

How would you describe the body of the thoracic vertebrae?

Heart shaped

What are the two demifacets (superior and inferior costal facets) on each side of the thoracic vertebrae for?

They articulate with the heads of the ribs

How would you describe the foramen of the thoracic vertebrae?

Circular

How would you describe the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae?

Long, downward pointing spinous processes

What are the transverse costal facets on the transverse processes for?

To articulate with the tubercles of the ribs except t11 and t12

The lumbar vertebrae bear the greatest load, this is reflected by the more

robust size

How would you describe the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae?

Large, kidney shaped bodies

How would you describe the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae?

Short, flat spinous processes

How would you describe the vertebral foramen of the lumbar vertebrae?

Triangular

How is the sacrum formed?

By the fusion of s1-s5

What three structures does the sacrum articulate with?

With l5, coccyx and iliac bone of pelvis

What marks the sites of vertebral fusion in the sacrum?

Transverse ridges

What marks the site of fusion of spinous processes in the sacrum?

Median sacral crest

Where is the body's centre of gravity?

It lies about 1cm posterior to sacral promontory

What does the coccyx articulate with?

The sacrum

What is the function of the coccyx?

Provides slight support for pelvic organs, otherwise largely without function

What does the thoracic cage consist of? 4 parts

1. Thoracic vertebrae 2. Ribs 3. Sternum 4. Costal cartilages

Describe the structure of the thoracic cage

Roughly cone shaped, wider at bottom

List three functions of the thoracic cage

1. Protects the heart and lungs 2. Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs 3. Provides attachment for muscles of neck, back, chest and shoulders

How many ribs are there and how are they attached to the thoracic vertebrae?

12 pairs - all attached posteriorly

What does vertebrochondral mean in terms of ribs?

pertaining to a vertebra and a costal cartilage.

Which ribs are true ribs and why?

Ribs 1-7 are true (or vertebrochondral) attaching directly to sternum via individual costal cartilages

Which ribs are false and why?

Ribs 8-10 are false (still vertebrochondral) ribs attached indirectly to the sternum

Which ribs are vertebral or floating ribs and why?

Ribs 11-12 are vertebral or floating ribs without anterior attachments

Which three bones fuse together to form the sternum?

The manubrium (handle), the body and the xiphoid process (sword shaped process)

What eight bones make up the carpals of the hands?

scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate

What are the phalanges that make up the hand?

Distal phalanges, intermediate phalanges, proximal phalanges, metacarpals and carpals

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

The clavicle and the scapula

Describe the shape of the clavicle

S shaped

What is the function of the clavicle?

Braces shoulder keeping upper limb away from the midline

The clavicle may thicken in people accustomed to

heavy labour

The most frequently broken bone in the body is the

clavicle causes the shoulder to drop

Describe the structure of the scapula

Triangular with superior, medial and lateral borders

What ribs does the scapula overlie?

ribs 3-7

What are the three key parts of the scapula?

1. Acromion 2. Caracoid process 3. Glenoid cavity

What does the acromion articulate with?

The clavicle

What does the caracoid process do?

Attachment for biceps brachii and other muscles of the arm

What does the glenoid cavity articulate with?

With the head of the humerus

What seven bones make up the tarsals of the foot?

1. medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiform bones 2. talus 3. calcaneus 4. cuboid 5. navicular

Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?

the ilium, pubis and ischium

What is pubic symphysis?

A cartilaginous joint uniting left and right pubis

Why is the pubic symphysis used in forensic anthropology to estimate the age of skeletons?

It wears at a more or less predictable rate

What is the difference in the pelvis of males and females?

The iliac crest and general breadth. the size of pelvis opening

What is the difference between shoulder breadth in males and females?

Males have a greater shoulder breadth

What is the difference between the ribcage in males and females?

Ribcage barreled in males, flatter in females

What is the difference between the male and female jaw?

Squarer jaw in males

What is the difference between male and female brow ridges?

Heavier brow ridges in males

What is the difference between the mastoid process in males?

More robust

What is the difference between male and female occipital protubuerance?

More prominent external occipital protuberance in males

What is the difference between the temporal line in males and females?

Extended in males - this is where the temporalis muscle attaches by the way

What is the supraorbital notch or foramen?

Above the eyes allows passage of supraorbital nerve, supraorbital vein and supraorbital artery

What is a myth related to the supraorbital notch or foramen?

Sometimes claimed that females have a notch and males a foramen, this is incorrect and quite often skulls have both

The shape of the pelvic inlet differs between males and females in which way?

Round in females, quite narrow in males

The shape of the pelvic outlet differs in male and females how?

Females sacrum and coccyx is pushed outwards

Point to the cranial, the axial and appendicular skeleton on yourself

There

Point to the clavicle

Point to the scapula

Point to the sternum

Point to the humerus

Point to the ulna

Point to the radius

Point to the sacrum

Point to the carpals

Point to the metacarpals

Point to the phalanges

Point to the femur

Point to the patella

Point to the tibia

Point to the fibula

Point to the tarsals

Point to the metatarsals

Point to the phalanges on the foot

Point to the concave and convex sections of your spine

What bone is this?

That is the c1

What bone is this?

That is c2

What bone is this and explain one special feature?

c7 - prominent non bifid spinous process

What vertebra is this? and why?

thoracic , heart shaped body, circular vertebral foramen, long downward pointing spinous process, transverse costal facets on transverse proceses to articulate with tubercles of ribs except t11 and t12

WHat bone is this?

What bone is this?

t11

What bone is this?

Point to the manubrium, the body and the xiphoid process of the thoracic cage

Point to the distal phalanges, the intermediate phalanges, the proximal phalanges, the metacarpals and the carpals

Point to the trapezium

Point to the trapezoid

Point to the capitate

Point to the head of the capitate

Position 4

Point to the hamate

Point to the hook of hamate

position 6

Point to the scaphoid

Point to the lunate

Point to the triquetral

Point to the pisiform

What is this shown?

Clavicle

What is this shown?

The scapula

What does the A, the Cp and the Gc stand for?

acronim articulates with the clavicle coracoid process attachment for biceps brachii and other muscles of arm glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus

Point to the tarsals