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002 - Organology > (09-02) Digestive System IV (Innervation of the Digestive Tract and More!) > Flashcards

(09-02) Digestive System IV (Innervation of the Digestive Tract and More!) Flashcards

1
Q

(Innervation of the Digestive Tract)

  1. What coordinate activity of GI tract? What do fibers innervate?
  2. What fibers to these plexuses contain? (three types)
A
  1. Intramural nerve plexuses; smooth muscle and epithelial cells
  2. parasympathetic terminal ganglia and fibers (GVE), sympathetic fibers (GVE), sensory fibers (GVA)
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2
Q

(The intestinal Enterocyte has many diverse functions)

  1. What are entirely within the plexus and coordinate different segments of gut and different layers of wall?
  2. These must be intact for what to occur?
  3. This is what division of the parasympathetic nervous system?
  4. Can reflex arcs function without extrinsic input?
A

1. intrinsic interneurons

  1. peristalsis
  2. enteric division
  3. yes
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3
Q

(Innervation of the Digestive Tract)

  1. Submucosal Plexus (in T. submucosa)

contains which fibers that do what?

A
  1. GVA - sensory to epithelium
  2. GVE - motor to muscularis mucosae and blood vessels
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4
Q

(Innervation of the Digestive Tract)

Myenteric Plexus (between muscle layers of T. Muscularis)

  1. coordinates what?
  2. What are the fibers here?
A
  1. peristalsis
  2. GVA - stretch receptors
  3. GVE - motor to T. muscularis and blood vessels
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5
Q

(Innervation of the Digestive Tract)

(Extrinsic Innervation)

  1. what simulates smooth muscle activity?
  2. What depresses smooth muscle activity?
A
  1. parasympathetic
  2. sympathetic
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6
Q

(Innervation of the Digestive Tract)

(Summary of Some Important Points concerning the small intestine)

1-4. Digestive Enzymes Are produced by what 4 things?

A
  1. liver
  2. pancreas
  3. mucosal glands
  4. intestinal absorptive cells
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7
Q

(Innervation of the Digestive Tract)

1-3. Protective mucus comes from what three things?

(Summary of Some Important Points concerning the small intestine)

A
  1. goblet cells of epithelium
  2. intestinal mucosal glands
  3. submucosal glands of duodenum
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8
Q

(Innervation of the Digestive Tract)

1-3. Surface membrane area for absorption in increased by what 3 things?

(Summary of Some Important Points concerning the small intestine)

A
  1. plicae circularis
  2. villi
  3. microvilli
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9
Q

(Innervation of the Digestive Tract)

1-3. What are three protective features?

  1. together these constiture the what?

(Summary of Some Important Points concerning the small intestine)

A
  1. mucus which coats surface with unstirred layer
  2. bicarbonate to buffer acid stomach chyme
  3. apical junction complexes of epithelial cells which seal lumen
  4. intestinal mucosal barrier
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10
Q

(Innervation of the Digestive Tract)

  1. Cell division to replace the gland and surface epithelial cells occurs near where?
  2. Therefore, epithelial cells continually migrate towards what in the small and large?

(Summary of Some Important Points concerning the small intestine)

A
  1. the base of the intestinal glands (in contrast with gastric epithelium)
  2. the villi in the small intestine and luminal surface in large (where they are sloughed)
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11
Q

(Large Intestine)

  1. site of what action?
  2. Epithelium absorbs or secretes what? Secretes what? Absorbs products of what in non-ruminant herbivores?
  3. forms what mass?
  4. Are the colon, cecum, and rectum similar or different histologically?
A
  1. microbial action
  2. H2O and electrolytes; mucus; fermentation
  3. the fecal mass
  4. similar
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12
Q

(Large Intestine)

(T. mucosa)

  1. longitudinal folds in some areas
  2. have villi? What type of surface epithelium? What that open into luminal surface?
  3. Abundant goblet cells, also enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells
  4. l. propria has many free cells and numerous lymphtic nodules
  5. do large venous plexuses occur in rectum?
A
  1. no; “smooth” surface epithelium; deep mucosal glands
  2. yes
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13
Q

(Large Intestine)

(T. submucosa)

  1. may accumulate what?
A
  1. fat
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14
Q

(Large Intestine)

(T. muscularis)

  1. Outer longitudinal layer forms what in cecum and colon of what species?
  2. many elastic fibers
A
  1. bands (taenia); horse and pig
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15
Q

(Large Intestine)

(T. serosa)

  1. Covers large intestine except for most of rectum which has what?
A
  1. T. adventitia
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16
Q

(Large Intestine)

(other features)

  1. ruminants - longitudinal mucosal folds in rectum = ?
  2. alternate with what?
  3. dogs - many solitary lymphatic nodules with epithelial depressions over them called what?
A
  1. rectal columns
  2. rectal sinuses
  3. rectal pits
17
Q

(Anus and Anal Canal)

  1. What marks the separation between the rectum and anal canal?
  2. At this point the epithelium changes from what to what?
A
  1. anorectal line
  2. simple columnar to stratifeid squamous
18
Q

(Anus and Anal Canal)

  1. What is the short terminal segment of digestive tract which is lined by stratified squamous epithelium?
  2. It terminates at what - which is the opening to the exterior?
A
  1. anal canal
  2. anus
19
Q

(Anus and Anal Canal)

  1. What are longitudinal folds which alternate with sinuses?
  2. These are continuous with what in ruminants? present in horse?
A
  1. anal columns
  2. rectal columns and sinuses in ruminants; no
20
Q

(Anus and Anal Canal)

  1. What is the point at which stratifed squamous epithelium becomes keratinized
  2. What kind of junction is this?
A
  1. anocutaneous line
  2. mucocutaneous junction
21
Q

(Anus and Anal Canal)

  1. What is skeletal muscle?
  2. What is a thickening of the circular layer of the smooth muscle of the T. muscularis?
  3. What do these surround?
A
  1. external anal sphincter
  2. internal anal sphincter
  3. the terminal portion of the anal canal
22
Q

(Anus and Anal Canal)

  1. These are bilateral diverticula - are located on either side of the anal canal between the external and internal anal sphincters
  2. Ducts from the anal sacs open into the anal canal at the what?
  3. Anal sacs and ducts are lined by what?
  4. Anal sacs occur in what?
A
  1. anal sacs or perianal sinuses
  2. ancocutaneous line
  3. stratified squamous epithelium
  4. carnivors and many rodents
23
Q

(Glands of the ANal Region)

  1. What are modified tubular sudoriferous glands (apocrine sweat) associated with the anal canal?
  2. Located in what layers? open directly into what?
  3. Secretion is what in carnivores? in pigs?
  4. Ruminants and horse?
  5. gland morphology is coiled tubular
A
  1. anal glands
  2. T. submucosa or in T. muscularis; anal canal
  3. lipid; mucus
  4. no anal glands
24
Q

(Glands of the anal region)

  1. (Glands associated with the anal sac) secrete into neck of anal sac or directly into its duct? In the form of what?
  2. Which animal has modified tubular sudoriferous glands (apocrine sweat), similar to anal glands?
  3. Which are modified tubular sodiferous and modified sebaceous glands; what from sebaceous glands may reduce plugging?
A
  1. perisacular glands; coiled tubules
  2. dog
  3. cat; oil
25
Q

(Glands of the anal region)

  1. these are located in the cutaneous area around anus
  2. Third most common site of what in dogs?
    a) tubular sodiferous (apocrine sweat) glands (coiled tubular gland)
    (b) Circumanal glands)

two types

  1. large sebaceous glands usually associated with hairs (holocrine secreting, simple alveolar gland)
  2. hepatoid (like liver) cell masses located deep to sebaceous glands, without ducts
A
  1. glands of the perianal zone
  2. tumors
  3. superficial
  4. deep
26
Q

(Gall Bladder)

  1. absent in what?
  2. stores and concentrates what?
  3. resorbs what?
  4. water follows what?
A
  1. horse and rat
  2. bile
  3. Na
  4. osmotic gradient
27
Q

(Gall Bladder)

  1. thin folded wall, highly distensible
  2. epithelium: tall columnar cells with what? folded into crypts and recesses that may look like what?
  3. Does it have muscularis mucosae?
  4. May contain glands in what? what types?
  5. T. mucsularis - generally what? organized?
  6. may contain what cell?
A
  1. microvilli; glands
  2. no
  3. propria-submucosa (ruminants); mucous and/or serous types
  4. circular; no
  5. goblet cell
28
Q

(Bile Ducts - extrahepatic)

  1. connect what with what and what?
  2. structure similar to what?
  3. T. muscularis may be what?
A
  1. liver lobes with gall bladder and duodenum
  2. gall bladder
  3. discontinuous
29
Q

it appears to be working again

A

002 - Organology (16 decks)

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