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CSB332 > 08 | Touch, Taste, Movement > Flashcards

08 | Touch, Taste, Movement Flashcards

1
Q

__% of taste is smell

A

75

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2
Q

Taste cells do not have ___. They form ___ with afferent nerve in the taste bud.

A
  1. axons

2. chemical synapses

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3
Q

Nerves involved in taste

A
  1. VII (facial)
  2. IX (glossopharyngeal)
  3. X (vagus)
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4
Q

How many taste buds on tongue?

A

5000

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5
Q

How many taste receptors per taste bud?

A

100

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6
Q

Which taste modalities use ion channels? G-proteins?

A
  1. salty, sour, bitter

2. sweet, bitter, umami

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7
Q

Signalling: salt

A

Na flow down conc. gradient through Na channels

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8
Q

Signalling: sour

A
  1. inward H flow through salt channels

2. Block K channels

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9
Q

Bitter compound =

A

quinine

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10
Q

Signalling: bitter (ion)

A

Block K channel

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11
Q

Signalling: sweet, bitter, umami

A

Gustductin

  1. PLC pathway
  2. activate cAMP
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12
Q

what experiment demonstrated that fat could be a 6th taste modality?

A

CD36 (FA transporter) found with Gustductin on taste bud

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13
Q

What NT is associated with taste receptors?

A

ATP

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14
Q

Which nerve is responsible for signalling spicy?

A

V -> activate pain pathways

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15
Q

Capsaicin receptor is a __ sensitive channel

A

Ca

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of touch receptors?

A
  1. Temperature (but no extremes)

2. Mechanoreceptors

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17
Q

What are the 4 capsular structures of touch receptors?

A
  1. Merkel’s disk
  2. Pacinian corpuscle
  3. Ruffini’s corpuscle
  4. Meissner’s corpuscle
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18
Q

Where are the most sensitive mechanoreceptors located?

A

in the ear (hair cells)

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19
Q

What NT does Merkel’s disk use?

A

Glutamate

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20
Q

What does Merkel’s disk sense?

A

pressure, position, shape

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21
Q

What does Pacinian corpuscle sense?

A

vibrations

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22
Q

What does Ruffini’s corpuscle sense?

A

stretch

23
Q

What does Meissner’s corpuscle sense?

A

Initial contract, motion

24
Q

Where can Ruffini’s corpuscles be found?

A

Base of fingernails, tissue around joints and ligaments, palms

25
Q

define: polymodality (and what does it apply to?)

A

Responds to multiple modalities (free nerve endings)

26
Q

Cell body of touch receptors are located in…

A

dorsal root ganglion

27
Q

What are the 2 branches of touch receptors?

A
  1. central branch (dorsal root -> spinal cord)

2. peripheral branch (nerve terminal -> brain)

28
Q

Velocity of signal propagation depends on…

A
  1. diameter of nerve

2. myelination

29
Q

Fiber type for light touch. Velocity?

A

A-β (60 m/s)

30
Q

Fiber type for 1st pain (sting, prickle). Velocity?

A

A-δ (2-10 m/s)

31
Q

Fiber type for 2nd pain (burn, ache). Velocity?

A

C (0.2-2 m/s, unmyelinated)

32
Q

Which nerve fibre is responsible for the jerk reflex (e.g. pull hand away from stove)

A

A-δ

33
Q

What are the 2 ascending touch pathways?

A
  1. dorsal column-medial lemniscal

2. spinothalamic tract

34
Q

Difference between the 2 ascending touch pathways?

A
  • dorsal column makes synapse in the medulla, spino does not
  • spino crosses to contralateral side in spinal cord, dorsal column crosses in medulla
  • dorsal column senses sensations, spino senses temp and pain
35
Q

Similarities between the 2 ascending touch pathways?

A
  • both make synapse at thalamus
  • both end at primary somatosensory cortex
  • both have 3 orders or neurons
36
Q

Which sections in the cortex are the primary somatosensory cortex? Where is it located?

A

1, 2, 3a, 3b

@ anterior parietal lobe

37
Q

What is another name for the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

postcentral gyrus

38
Q

Which section in the cortex is the secondary somatosensory cortex?

A

5

39
Q

Touch plasticity

A

e.g. area devoted to left fingertips in the postcentral gyrus can increase with practice (violin)

40
Q

Each muscle fiber adds __% to tension

A

5

41
Q

Why are small motoneurons less powerful than larger motoneurons?

A

Small ones innervate only a few muscle fibers, but large ones innervate more.

42
Q

What is the size principle? Why?

A

Small motoneurons recruited first, followed by large.

Smaller have larger input resistance, and therefore have bigger changes in voltage (easier to reach threshold with the same input current).

43
Q

Motor cortex is also known as…

A

precentral gyrus

44
Q

Role of basal ganglia in regulating movement

A
  1. Regulate posture
  2. counteract tremor
  3. maintain steady muscle contraction
45
Q

Dorsal striatum is made up of…

A

caudate nucleus + putamen

46
Q

Ventral striatum is made up of

A

NAc

47
Q

DS release…

A

GABA, NO

48
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s

A
  1. Tremor at rest
  2. Rigidity
  3. Akinesia/bradykinesia
49
Q

Parkinson’s ultimately results in what effect on the cortex? What is the pathway?

A

Decreased

Less DS activity -> less GP inhibition -> more inhibition on thalamus -> less cortical stimulation

50
Q

What causes Parkinson’s (in the brain)?

A

degeneration of SN DA neurons

51
Q

What kind of disease is Huntington’s?

A

autosomal dominant

52
Q

Symptoms of Huntington’s

A
  1. cognitive issues
  2. lack of coordination
  3. spontaneous, disruptive movements
  4. dementia
53
Q

At what age does Huntington’s show up?

A

late 20s to early 30s

54
Q

What is the cause of Huntington’s (in the brain)?

A

Degeneration of DS GABA neurons -> less inhibition of extra movements

CSB332 (10 decks)

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