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CSB332 > 07 | Addiction > Flashcards

07 | Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

The reward pathway is also known as ___. It is made up of…

A
  1. cortical limbic system pathway

2. VTA-NAc-FC

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2
Q

Major sources of DA in the brain

A
  1. VTA (reward)

2. SN (voluntary movement)

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3
Q

Effect of opioids on DA

A

inhibit GABA ⇒ ↓ inhibition of DA release ⇒ more DA

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4
Q

Effect of nicotine on DA

A

↑ dopaminergic innervation

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5
Q

Effect of cocaine, amphetamines on DA

A

↑ DA release, ↓ DAT ⇒ more dopaminergic innervation

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6
Q

Neuron composition of VTA

A

60% DA

40% GABA

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7
Q

DA on NAc has what effect?

A

reward & reinforcement

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8
Q

DA on PFC has what effect?

A

exclusive function (loss of control)

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9
Q

DA on hippocampus has what effect?

A

memory

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10
Q

DA on amygdala has what effect?

A

emotions

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11
Q

What 2 things are needed for withdrawal response?

A
  1. Stress

2. DA

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12
Q

What was the experimental procedure that determined the relationship between stress and reward pathways? What was the result?

A

double labelling + in situ hybridization

In drug users, neuroadaptation of VTA DA neurons lead them to express CRF

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13
Q

What happens to synaptic plasticity in drug addiction?

A
  • Promote LTP of dopamine (reward) pathways
  • Promote LTD of GABA (inhibitory) pathways
  • Loss of synaptic plasticity in NAc → linked to inability to control drug intake
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14
Q

How does cocaine promote LTP in certain pathways? What is 1 short-term response?

A

↑ AMPA on VTA DA neurons⇒ stronger EPSP (LTP)

↑ dendritic spine density in VTA DA neurons ⇒ ↑ possibility of forming synapses (this is only for short-term response)

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15
Q

Cocaine-induced LTP can be blocked by…

A

MK-801 (NMDA blocker)

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16
Q

Which subunits of AMPA-R are not likely involved in LTP response to cocaine?

A

GluA1 and GluA2

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17
Q

What eventually stops the ↑ AMPA LTP response?

A

mGluR1 (Ro 67)

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18
Q

What is Ro 67?

A

mGluR1 activator

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19
Q

LTP response is _synaptic, while LTD is _synaptic

A
  1. pre

2. post

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20
Q

2 ways to induce LTD at VTA GABA-DA synapses

A
  1. LFS

2. Morphine

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21
Q

Mechanism used by LFS to cause LTD

A

decrease number and conductance of GABA(A)-R

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22
Q

Does LTD depend on NMDA-Rs?

A

No

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23
Q

Actions of morphine to cause LTD

A
  1. Prevent LFS-LTD

2. induces its own LTD (unclear)

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24
Q

Drugs that can induce LTD

A

nicotine, morphine, cocaine, alcohol

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25
Q

How can addictive behaviors be prevented (has to do with GABA)

A

increase GABA innervation

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26
Q

List 2 NMDA-R blockers

A
  1. MK-801

2. APV

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27
Q

What is the “switch” between addicted and non-addicted states?

A

BDNF

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28
Q

What defines the sensitivity limits of sensory stimuli?

A

sensory receptors

29
Q

Define: adequate stimulus

A

the specific stimulus that a receptor responds to best

30
Q

Define: transduction

A

changing adequate stimulus to electrical signal (receptor potential)

31
Q

Adequate stimulus is a property of the ___

A

receptor

32
Q

Receptor potential is recognized by CNS by:

A
  1. Anatomical position

2. sensory ending

33
Q

Area of brain that controls smell

A

olfactory cortex

34
Q

area of brain that controls memories

A

temporal cortical region

35
Q

Damage to temporal cortical region has what effect on smell?

A

Prevents identification of smells, but you can still smell things

36
Q

Mammals have how many axons projecting to the olfactory bulb?

A

100 000

37
Q

Mucus in the nasal cavity is __ thick and replaced every __ min.

A

50 um

10 min

38
Q

Olfactory receptors are replaced every __ months. New receptors originate from __.

A

1-2 months

basal cells in olfactory epithelium

39
Q

What is the only area in the brain that generates new neurons throughout life?

A

Olfactory bulb

40
Q

Zones in the olfactory epithelium are regulated by…

A

expression of different receptor genes

41
Q

In rats, the olfactory epithelium rests on top of __

A

turbinates

42
Q

The same zone in the olfactory epithelium projects to…

A

a single pair of medial & lateral glomeruli in the olfactory bulb

43
Q

What is in the limbic system?

A
  • amygdala
  • entorhinal cortex
  • hippocampus
  • subiculum
44
Q

From the olfactory bulb, projections are made to…

A
  1. Limbic system (motivation, emotion, memory)

2. Thalamus & FC (recognition)

45
Q

Which currents are responsible for olfactory conductance?

A

inward K current, odorant current (open non-selective cation channels)

46
Q

The K current causes __ depolarization, but the odorant current causes __ depolarization

A
  1. initial

2. prolonged (2nd messenger)

47
Q

Non-selective cation channels opened by odorant lets in __ > __&raquo_space; __

A

Ca > Na&raquo_space; K

48
Q

which G protein is associated with odorant receptors?

A

G(olf)

49
Q

Mechanisms of G(olf)?

A
  1. -> more AC -> more cAMP -> open non-selective cation channels -> more Ca
  2. -> IP3 -> DAG -> release Ca from intracellular stores
50
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms to cause depolarization in ORN?

A
  1. Ca influx due to G(olf)

2. Ca-gated Cl current

51
Q

What is the disease when there is no smell or reduced smell?

A

Anosmia

52
Q

Causes of anosmia

A
  • head injury
  • virus
  • congenital
  • consequence of other disorder
53
Q

3 compartments of the cochlea

A
  1. Scala media
  2. Scala vestibuli
  3. Scala tympani
54
Q

Composition of scala media

A
  • Endolymph
  • High K, low Na, low Ca
  • Concentration is actively maintained
55
Q

Composition of scala vestibuli

A

perilymph

56
Q

Composition of scala tympani

A
  • perilymph

- similar to CSF

57
Q

What are the membranes found in the cochlea? What to they separate?

A

Reissner’s membrane: media + vestibuli

Basilar membrane: media + tympani

58
Q

Inner layer of hair cells is responsible for ___ signals, and outer hair cells are responsible for ___ signals

A
  1. afferent

2. efferent

59
Q

Hair cells sense vibration from ___ and ___ membranes

A

Basilar, tectorial

60
Q

How to hair cells cause depolarization and signal propagation?

A

movement -> open tip links -> K influx from endolymph -> depolarization -> open v-gated Ca channels -> vesicle release

61
Q

Which ways does hair cells bend to cause hyperpolarization/depolarization?

A
  • toward kinocilium = depolarization

- away from kinocilium = hyperpolarization

62
Q

What kind of specialized synapse does hair cells have? Which NT is used?

A
  • Ribbon synapse

- Glu

63
Q

What # is the auditory nerve?

A

VIII

64
Q

What is the pathway after nerve VIII?

A

nerve VIII -> medulla -> inferior colliculus (midbrain) -> medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) -> auditory cortex

65
Q

Which lobe is the auditory cortex located in?

A

temporal

66
Q

Explain electromotility

A

depolarization cause hair cells to shorten, while hyperpolarization cause hair cells to lengthen. Movement of the hair cells also contribute to vibrations.

67
Q

Electromotility is mediated by…

A

prestin (v-dependent motor protein that is coupled to the exoskeleton)

68
Q

Tonotropic organization of auditory neurons

A

Different neurons in the auditory cortex responds to different frequencies

69
Q

___ is the frequency that a neuron responds best to

A

characteristic frequency

CSB332 (10 decks)

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