08 - small animal abdominal

Question 1

(general abdomen)

1-3. what 3 things cause decreased abdominal serosal detail?

Answer 1

1. emaciation
2. young animals (^fluid)
3. abdominal fluid/infiltrative dz

Question 2

(general abdomen)

1-5. what are the five differentials for a mass?

Answer 2

1. neoplasia
2. hematoma
3. granuloma
4. abscess
5. cyst

Question 3

(hepatic disease)

(hepatomegaly)

1. caudal displacement of what?
2. 4 ddx?

Answer 3

1. pylorus
2. endocrine, metabolic, inflammatory/infectious, diffuse neoplasia

Question 4

(hepatic disease)

(focal hepatic mass)

1. displacement of structures (often stomach)
2. 5 ddx for focal hepatic mass?

Answer 4

2. neoplasia, abscess, granuloma, hematoma, cyst

Question 5

(hepatic dz)

(microhepatica)

1. cranial displacement of gastric axis
2. 2 ddx?

Answer 5

2. PSS or chronic fibrosis/cirrhosis

Question 6

(gallbladder)

1. cholecystitis -> radiographs normal
2. cholelithiasis -> radiopaque calculi in the gallbladder. most often an incidental finding

Question 7

(spleen)

(splenomegaly)

1. very subjective - can see what?
2. 6 ddx?

Answer 7

1. rounding of the margins
2. drug induced, immune-mediated, inflammatory/infectious, vascular congestion, diffuse neoplasia, and extramedullary hematopoiesis

Question 8

(spleen)

(focal splenic mass)

1. can be seen where in abdomen?

why?

2. ddx?

Answer 8

1. any location btwn stomach and bladder

body and tail of spleen are very mobile

2. neoplasia, hematoma, abscess, granuloma, nodular hyperplasia

Question 9

(spleen)

(splenic torsion)

1. signalment?
2. radio findings?

Answer 9

1. large, deep-chested dogs
2. abnormal location, moderate to severe enlargement

Question 10

(urinary tract disease)

1. can you see ectopic ureters on radio?

so do what?

Answer 10

1. no

a contrast study

Question 11

(urinary tract)

(renal cysts)

1. can’t see solitary
2. PKD: normal to enlarged kidneys with smooth to irregular margins

what cat breed mostly?

Answer 11

2. persians

Question 12

(pyelonephritis)

1. abnormalities?
2. size?

Answer 12

1. often normal
2. mild renal enlargement

Question 13

(perinephric pseudocyst)

1. see fluid around the kidney
2. enlargment of renal silhouette, margins are smooth

Question 14

(hydronephrosis)

1. radiographs normal until disease becomes severe, then what?
2. unilateral or bi?

Answer 14

1. renal enlargement
2. usually unilateral

Question 15

(renal neoplasia)

1. kidneys can be normal
2. uniform to focal enlargement
3. margins?

Answer 15

3. smooth or irregular

Question 16

(renal mineralization)

1. can occur in what two spots?

Answer 16

1. renal pelvis (nephroliths) or renal parenchyma (nephrocalcinosis)

can’t always tell where

Question 17

(bladder rupture)

1. best diagnosed with what?
2. what do you see on rgraphs?

Answer 17

1. positive contrast cystogram
2. abdominal effusion

Question 18

(Cystic calculi)

1. what calclui can be seen on survey films?
2. non-radiopaque require what to see?

Answer 18

1. struvite and calcium oxalate
2. US or double-contrast cystogram

Question 19

(bladder neoplasia)

1. only seen on rgraphs if what present?

Answer 19

1. mineralization

Question 20

(cystitis)

1. usually normal radiographs unless what present?

Answer 20

1. concurrent calclui

Question 21

(emphysematous cystitis)

1. what do you see?
2. what dz predisposes?

Answer 21

1. air within the wall of the urinary bladder
2. DM

Question 22

(urethra)

1. should use what to assess urethra for urethritis, neoplasia, rupture?
2. can you see calculi in urethra with rgraphs?

Answer 22

1. positive contrast
2. yes - but need perineal view in male dogs