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EPPP B5: Learning Theory, CBT, and Memory / Forgetting > 07a_Memory > Flashcards

07a_Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory:

Three Processes

A

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

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2
Q

Information processing model (Multi-Store):

Three types of memory

A

Sensory memory

Short-term memory

Long-term memory

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3
Q 
Sensory memory
(aka Sensory register)
A

Brief storage of sensory stimuli (1-3sec)

Echoic Store

Iconic Store

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4
Q

Echoic Store

A

Sensory memory of auditory information

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5
Q

Iconic Store

A

Sensory memory of visual information

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6
Q

Short-term memory:

Overview

A

Limited amount of information

Without rehearsal, info begins to fade within 30sec

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7
Q

Short-term memory:

Encoding

A

Primarily acoustic

May also be semantic, visual, kinesthetic

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8
Q

Short-term memory:

Primary Memory

A

Passive memory storage

5-9 distinct units

Larger amounts held by chunking information

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9
Q

Short-term memory:

Working memory

A

Manipulation and processing of information

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10
Q

Converting Short Term Memory Into Long-Term Memory

2 Main Methods

A

Elaborative rehearsal

Maintenance rehearsal

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11
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Relating new information to existing information

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12
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Simply repeating information with little or no processing

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13
Q

Encoding of Long-term memory

A

Mostly semantic

May be encoded visually or acoustically

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14
Q

Long-term memory:

Capacity

A

Unlimited

Permanent

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15
Q

Long-term memory:

Two types of memory with different timeframes

A

Recent (secondary) memory

Remote memory

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16
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Supports existence of separate short-and long-term stores

Primacy effect

Recency effect

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17
Q

Levels-of-Processing Model:

Overview

A

Depth of Processing is responsible for differences in memory

vs. info-processing model of different memory stores

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18
Q

Levels-of-Processing Model:

Three Levels of Processing

A

Structural

Phonemic

Semantic

19
Q

Which processing level is deepest and produces greatest amount of recall?

A

Semantic Processing

20
Q

Long-Term Memory:

Procedural memory

A

Learning “How”

Cognitive skills

Motor skills and habits

21
Q

Long-Term Memory:

Declarative memory

A

Learning “What”

Acquisition of facts and other information

Semantic and Episodic memory

22
Q

Declarative Memory:

Semantic Memory

A

General knowledge

Independent of any context

e.g, facts, rules, and concepts

23
Q

Declarative Memory:

Episodic Memory

A

Autobiographical memory / personal experience

Flashbulb memories

24
Q

Type of memory most affected by normal aging

A

Episodic Memory

25
Q

Prospective memory

A

Capacity to remember to do things in the future

26
Q

Prospective memory:

Older vs Younger Adults

A

In controlled conditions: Older Adults underperform

In naturalistic settings: Older Adults outperform

  • due to increased likelihood of using external aids
    (e. g. lists, calendars, reminders)
27
Q

Multi-Component Model of Working Memory postulates a Central Executive System and these 3 subsystems…

A

Phonological loop

Visuospatial sketchpad

Episodic buffer

28
Q

Multi-Component Model of Working Memory:

Central executive

A

“Attentional Control System”

Primary Component of Working Memory

29
Q

Central Executive:

Three functions

A

Directs attention to relevant information

Suppresses irrelevant information

Coordinates the three subsystems

30
Q

Multi-Component Model of Working Memory:

Phonological Loop subsystem

A

Temporarily stores auditory verbal information

31
Q

Multi-Component Model of Working Memory:

Visuospatial Sketchpad subsystem

A

Temporarily stores visual-spatial information

32
Q

Multi-Component Model of Working Memory:

Episodic Buffer subsystem

A

Temporarily integrates auditory, visual, and spatial information

33
Q

According to the Multi-Component Model of Working Memory, what kind of tasks are most affected by aging?

A

Tasks that depend on the central executive working memory

34
Q

Forward Digit Span Task

A

Phonological loop only

Not affected by aging

35
Q

Backward Digit Span Task

A

Relies on phonological loop and central executive

*Affected by aging, due to its reliance on central executive system

36
Q

Filter Theory of Selective Attention (Broadbent):

Overview

A

Explains how information is transferred from sensory memory to short-term memory

“Bottleneck” theory of attention

37
Q

Filter Theory of Selective Attention (Broadbent):

Three Step Process

A

Two sensory stimuli maintained in sensory register

Filter selects one stimulus to pass through based on physical characteristics, other is held in temporary buffer

Stimulus that passes through is processed for meaning, and comes into conscious awareness

38
Q

Filter Theory of Selective Attention (Broadbent):

Purpose of Filter

A

To prevent overloading of short-term memory capacity

39
Q

Dichotic Listening Task (Split Span)

A

Lends support to Broadbent’s Filter Theory

Participants listen to speech sounds presented to each ear simultaneously

Pattern of recall indicates info processing is based on physical characteristics

** associated with “selective attention”

40
Q

Feature-Integration Theory (Treisman & Gelade):

Two Stages of Visual Information Processing

A

Pre-attentive

Attentive

41
Q

Feature-Integration Theory (Treisman & Gelade):

Pre-attentive stage

A

Basic features of object are perceived in parallel at automatic / subconscious level

E.g. size, color, orientation

42
Q

Feature-Integration Theory (Treisman & Gelade):

Attentive stage

A

Features are processed serially to form a coherent whole

43
Q

Feature-Integration Theory (Treisman & Gelade):

Illusory Conjunctions

A

Over time, features may disintegrate and flow freely to recombine in illusory ways

*Result of memory decay or interference

44
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law:

Influence of Task Difficulty

A

The more difficult the task, the lower the optimal level of arousal

EPPP B5: Learning Theory, CBT, and Memory / Forgetting (13 decks)

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