04b_Extinction; Token Economy, Social Skills Training, FBA

Question 1

Factors That Influence Effectiveness of Extinction

Answer 1

Consistency

Schedule of Reinforcement

Magnitude and Duration of Reinforcement

Reinforcement for Other Behaviors

Question 2

Extinction:

Consistency

Answer 2

Positive reinforcement must be consistently withheld following the behavior

*A single exception can reestablish the behavior and maintain it for a considerable length of time

Question 3

Why can extinction be a slow, frustrating process?

Answer 3

It requires consistent removal of positive reinforcement

It’s often difficult to identify and withhold all sources of reinforcement

Question 4

Rates of extinction based on reinforcement schedule that established / maintained behavior

Answer 4

Fastest extinction = continuous reinforcement

Next fastest = fixed / variable interval

Question 5

Extinction:

Magnitude and Duration of Reinforcement

Answer 5

Increased magnitude and duration of reinforcement

= increased resistance to extinction

Question 6

Extinction

Reinforcement for other behaviors

Answer 6

Like punishment, extinction is most successful when used in conjunction with reinforcement for alternative behaviors

Question 7

Contingency Contracts:

Overview

Answer 7

Contingency management technique that involves a formal written agreement

Clear definition of behaviors to be modified

Clear rewards and punishments that will follow performance of behaviors

Question 8

Contingency Contracts:

5 elements necessary to ensure effective contingency contract

Answer 8

Explicit outline of terms

Targets behaviors that can be monitored

Sanctions for failure to meet contract terms

Definition of bonuses for consistent compliance

Record-keeping for feedback regarding frequency of behaviors and delivery of reinforcers

*Most effective when person actively participates in developing contract

Question 9

Token Economy:

Overview

Answer 9

Use of generalized secondary reinforcers (tokens) in a structured environment

Desirable behaviors are reinforced with tokens

Undesired behaviors decreased by withholding / removing tokens

Question 10

Token Economy:

4 steps to establishing a token economy

Answer 10

Defined target behaviors

Select secondary and back-up reinforcers

Develop system for monitoring and assessment

Develop plan for reducing and then eliminating reinforcers (thinning)

Question 11

Token economy:

Advantages

Answer 11

Immediate delivery of reinforcement

Tailored to meet individual needs by allowing each person to select their back-up reinforcers

Tokens can be exchanged for a variety of reinforcers and are therefore less susceptible to satiation than primary enforcers

Question 12

Social Skills Training:

Theoretical Foundations

Answer 12

Incorporates operant and classical conditioning with Bandura’s social learning theory

Question 13

Social Skills Training:

Therapeutic techniques

Answer 13

Modeling

Coaching

Behavior rehearsal

Feedback

Reinforcement

Homework assignments

Question 14

Social Skills Training:

Effective Uses

Answer 14

Schizophrenia: reduce symptoms, decrease risk for relapse, improve social adjustment

Conduct problems of children

Depression

Question 15

Function-Based Interventions

Answer 15

Behavior change strategies derived from results of a functional behavioral assessment (analysis)

Question 16

Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA)

Two main steps

Answer 16

Determine the purpose of an undesired behavior

Identify a more desirable substitute behavior that serves the same purpose

Question 17

Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA)

Goals

Answer 17

Decrease / eliminate the undesirable behavior

Increase an alternative behavior