02_Interventions Based on Classical Conditioning

Question 1

Counterconditioning:

Reciprocal Inhibition

Answer 1

CS associated with target behavior is paired with UCS that naturally elicits incompatible behavior

Overtime maladaptive behavior is replaced by incompatible behavior

Question 2

Systematic desensitization (Wolpe):

Four Stages

Answer 2

Relaxation training

Construction of anxiety hierarchy with SUDS

Imaginal Desensitization

In Vivo Desensitization

Question 3

Systematic desensitization:

Results of Dismantling Strategy Evaluation

Answer 3

Extinction is the primary factor that produces effects of the systematic desensitization
(Repeated exposure to CS without the US)

Incompatible response training & gradual exposure are not essential components

Question 4

Behavioral Sex Therapy

Answer 4

Counterconditioning used for performance anxiety

Most effective for premature ejaculation and vaginismus

Question 5

Masters and Johnson’s counterconditioning sex therapy:

Sensate Focus

Answer 5

Pairing situations that evoke performance anxiety with pleasurable physical sensations and relaxation

Partners refrain from genital sex

Partners are given a series of homework assignments that involve taking turns and at giving and receiving pleasure through touch

Question 6

Aversive Counterconditioning:

Overview

Answer 6

Maladaptive behavior (or associated CS)
+
UCS that naturally evokes pain or other unpleasant responses

Question 7

Aversive Counterconditioning:

In Vivo Aversion Therapy (Overt Sensitization)

Answer 7

Target behavior is paired with aversive stimulus

e.g. electric shock, noxious odor, nausea-inducing drug

Question 8

Overt Sensitization:

Uses

Answer 8

Substance use disorders

Paraphilias

Self-injurious behaviors

Question 9

Overt sensitization:

Effectiveness

Answer 9

Moderate effectiveness for cigarette smoking and some other problems

High relapse rates

Limited generalizability

Question 10

Overt sensitization:

How to maximize effectiveness

Answer 10

Aversive stimulus is similar to the target behavior

e. g. Nausea-inducing drugs for alcoholism; Rapid Smoking for tobacco cessation
* Booster sessions or or conjunction with other treatments

Question 11

Aversive Conditioning:

Covert Sensitization

Answer 11

Client imagines maladaptive behavior and reactions to aversive stimulus

E.g. imagine smoking a cigarette and visualizing becoming nauseated by the cigarette, throwing up, becoming embarrassed

• “Relief Scene” can be added
  (e. g. non-smoking paired with pleasant sensations)

Question 12

In Vivo Exposure with Response Prevention:

Flooding

Answer 12

Prolonged Exposure to the most anxiety-arousing stimuli

vs graduated exposure which starts low

Question 13

In Vivo Exposure with Response Prevention:

Massed vs Several Brief Exposures

Answer 13

Prolonged continuous (massed) exposure is more effective than several brief exposures

Short Duration exposures can lead to sensitization

Question 14

True or False?

Hi-anxiety provocation during exposure is necessary for successful treatment outcomes

Answer 14

False.

Certain types of exposure can be enhanced with the simultaneous use of an anxiolytic

Question 15

True or False?

Self-directed exposure following training by therapist can be as effective as therapist-directed exposure.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

True or false?

Group exposure is less effective than individual treatment.

Answer 16

False.

Group exposure and partner-assist exposure can be equally effective for agoraphobia and OCD

Question 17

Implosive Therapy

Answer 17

Imaginal exposure

Vivid enough to produce high levels of Anxiety

Images are embellished with psychodynamic themes

Question 18

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
(EMDR):

Core Assumption

Answer 18

Trauma exposure blocks a neurophysiological adaptive information-processing mechanism

Rapid lateral eye movements trigger the mechanism while implementing exposure and other CBT techniques

Question 19

Research on EMDR

Answer 19

Effects are attributable to imaginal exposure

Eye movements are unnecessary