05_Cognitive Learning Theories

Question 1

Latent Learning (Tolman)

Answer 1

Learning often takes place without being immediately manifested in performance improvements

Tolman studied with rats who formed “cognitive maps” without being reinforced until day 11
Once reinforced, they outperformed rats who were reinforced since first trial

Question 2

Insight Learning (Kohler)

Answer 2

Internal cognitive restructuring of perceptual field that enhances an organism’s ability to achieve its goals
(Gestalt psychology)

e.g. experiment with chimpanzee who joined sticks together to reach banana (achieve goal)

Question 3

Observational Learning (Bandura)

Answer 3

Social learning theory/social cognitive theory

Most complex human behaviors are learned by observing another

*Useful for enhancing or inhibiting existing behaviors

Question 4

Social Learning Theory:

4 Types of Observational Learning Processes

Answer 4

Attention

Retention

Production

Motivation

Question 5

Social Learning Theory:

Motivation

Answer 5

Learning can occur without reinforcement

However performance requires motivation

Motivation is enhanced when the learner is reinforced

Reinforcement can be internal, vicarious, or external

Question 6

Social Learning Theory:

4 model characteristics that increase the likelihood of imitation

Answer 6

High status, prestige, or expertise

Similarity to the observer, especially age and gender

Behavior is visible, salient, and a relevant to observer’s needs and goals

Model has been reinforced for the behavior

Question 7

Social Learning Theory:

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 7

When model is reinforced for engaging in behavior

Question 8

Same

Treatment of phobia

Most effective models

Answer 8

Coping models who initially exhibit apprehension but then overcome their fears and perform the desired behavior are more effective than mastery models who initially engage in a behavior without fear

Question 9

Social Learning Theory:

Guided Participation

Answer 9

Modeling is most effective when the learner observes a model perform the behavior

Learner than performs behavior with assistance from the model

A.k.a. Participant modeling

Question 10

True or False?

For treatment of snake phobia, live modeling with guided participation is superior to observing a film model or systematic desensitization.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Social Learning Theory:

Self-efficacy

Answer 11

Primary source of motivation based on a person’s beliefs about their ability to perform a behavior or task, or achieve certain goals

*Central concept of Social Learning Theory

Question 12

Self-efficacy:

4 Information Sources

Answer 12

Enactive attainment

Vicarious experience

Verbal Persuasion

Emotional and physiological states

Question 13

Self-efficacy:

Enactive Attainment

Answer 13

Prior success in performing the task

Question 14

Self-efficacy:

Vicarious Experience

Answer 14

Observing others similar to oneself successfully perform the task

Question 15

Social Learning Theory:

Reciprocal Determinism proposes there interactive and influential relationship between these 3 Factors

Answer 15

Environment

Overt behaviors

Cognitive, affective, and personal characteristics

Question 16

Learned Helplessness:

Overview

Answer 16

Depression occurs when a person makes internal, stable, and global attribution for negative events

I.e. depressed people:
–attribute cause of negative events themselves
–believe they will always cause negative events to
happen to them
–think they cause negativity in all aspects of their lives