06 RODRIGUEZ_CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
Carbohydrates are hydrates of what derivates based on the location of the CO functional group?
aldehyde or ketone
simplest carbohydrate
glycol aldehyde
only carbohydrate to be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen
glucose
T/F:
Glucose does not accumulate in the muscle.
TRUE.
Glucose does not enter the muscle cell freely, and when it enters the cell with the help of insulin, it is quickly metabolized.
T/F:
Brain is completely dependent on blood glucose for energy production
TRUE.
2/3 glucose utilization in resting adults occurs in the CNS.
2/3 glucose utilization in resting adults occurs in the?
Central Nervous System (CNS).
Intermediate products of glucose metabolism
pyruvic acid
lactic acid
acetylcoenzyme A
complete oxidation of glucose yields what?
CO2
water
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Reducing sugars
lactose maltose fructose glucose galactose
The presence of this makes glucose an active reducing substance.
double bond
negative charge in the enol anion
most common nonreducing sugar
sucrose
T/F:
Nonreducing sugar do not contain active ketone or aldehyde group
TRUE.
T/F:
Pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ in the control of carbohydrate metabolism
TRUE.
As an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes what hormones?
glucagon
insulin
somatostatin
As an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces and secretes what
amylase
responsible for the breakdown of ingested complex carbohydrates
amylase
primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell
insulin
where is insulin synthesized?
B-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
T/F:
Insulin is normally released when glucose levels are high.
TRUE.
the only hormone that is a hypoglycemic agent (decreases glucose levels)
insulin
Insulin is stored in sources such as ______.
liver
fat
muscle
relationship of insulin and glucagon
reciprocal/inverse
Insulin promotes what processes?
glycogenesis
lipogenesis
glycolysis
Insulin decreases what process?
glycogenolysis
T/F:
Insulin enhances membrane permeability to cells in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.
TRUE.
In the presence of hemolysis, the levels of serum insulin are?
falsely low
primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose
glucagon
primary hormone that acts as a hyperglycemic agent
glucagon
where is glucagon synthesized?
a-cells of the islets of the Langerhans in the pancreas
What are some instances where glucagon is released
stress
fasting states
Glucagon promotes what process?
glycogenolysis
:Glucagon enhances catabolic functions during fasting periods
normal fasting plasma glucagon concentrations
25-50 pg/mL
Where are glucocorticoids secreted?
cells of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids promote what processes?
gluconeogenesis
lipolysis
Function of glucocorticoids?
decrease intestinal entry of glucose into the cell
Where are catecholamines released?
chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
catecholamines promote what process/es?
glycogenolysis
lipolysis
catecholamine function?
inhibit insulin secretion
where is the growth hormone secreted?
anterior pituitary gland
growth hormone (somatotrophic) function?
decreases entry of glucose into the cell
growth hormone promotes what processes
glycogenolysis
glycolysis
thyroid hormone function
promotes intestinal absorption of glucose
thyroid hormones promote what processes?
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
ACTH means
adenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
ACTH
ACTH promotes what processes
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
where is somatostatin produced
delta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
somatostatin inhibits the action of what hormones?
insulin
glucagon
GH
aside from the delta cells of the islets of the Langerhans, somatostatin may also be synthesized in
paraventricular and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus
it refers to the condition where there is an increase in blood glucose concentration
Hyperglycemia
FBS level considered to be hyperglycemic
≥ 126 mg/dL
T/F:
hyperglycemia is toxic to beta cell function and impairs insulin secretion
TRUE
In the presence of hyperglycemia, serum osmolality will be (high/low).
High
In the occurrence of hyperglycemia, sodium concentrations will be (higher/lower)
lower
:this is due in part to losses (polyuria) and in part to a shift of water from cells because of the hyperglycemia.
Type (I/II/III) DM patients are more likely to produce ketones.
I
refers to the condition where there is decreased glucose levels and can have many causes.
hypoglycemia
