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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > 06 RODRIGUEZ_CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

06 RODRIGUEZ_CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates are hydrates of what derivates based on the location of the CO functional group?

A

aldehyde or ketone

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2
Q

simplest carbohydrate

A

glycol aldehyde

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3
Q

only carbohydrate to be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen

A

glucose

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4
Q

T/F:

Glucose does not accumulate in the muscle.

A

TRUE.

Glucose does not enter the muscle cell freely, and when it enters the cell with the help of insulin, it is quickly metabolized.

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5
Q

T/F:

Brain is completely dependent on blood glucose for energy production

A

TRUE.

2/3 glucose utilization in resting adults occurs in the CNS.

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6
Q

2/3 glucose utilization in resting adults occurs in the?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS).

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7
Q

Intermediate products of glucose metabolism

A

pyruvic acid
lactic acid
acetylcoenzyme A

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8
Q

complete oxidation of glucose yields what?

A

CO2
water
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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9
Q

Reducing sugars

A 
lactose
maltose
fructose
glucose
galactose
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10
Q

The presence of this makes glucose an active reducing substance.

A

double bond

negative charge in the enol anion

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11
Q

most common nonreducing sugar

A

sucrose

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12
Q

T/F:

Nonreducing sugar do not contain active ketone or aldehyde group

A

TRUE.

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13
Q

T/F:

Pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ in the control of carbohydrate metabolism

A

TRUE.

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14
Q

As an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes what hormones?

A

glucagon
insulin
somatostatin

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15
Q

As an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces and secretes what

A

amylase

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16
Q

responsible for the breakdown of ingested complex carbohydrates

A

amylase

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17
Q

primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell

A

insulin

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18
Q

where is insulin synthesized?

A

B-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

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19
Q

T/F:

Insulin is normally released when glucose levels are high.

A

TRUE.

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20
Q

the only hormone that is a hypoglycemic agent (decreases glucose levels)

A

insulin

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21
Q

Insulin is stored in sources such as ______.

A

liver
fat
muscle

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22
Q

relationship of insulin and glucagon

A

reciprocal/inverse

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23
Q

Insulin promotes what processes?

A

glycogenesis
lipogenesis
glycolysis

24
Q

Insulin decreases what process?

A

glycogenolysis

25
Q

T/F:

Insulin enhances membrane permeability to cells in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.

A

TRUE.

26
Q

In the presence of hemolysis, the levels of serum insulin are?

A

falsely low

27
Q

primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose

A

glucagon

28
Q

primary hormone that acts as a hyperglycemic agent

A

glucagon

29
Q

where is glucagon synthesized?

A

a-cells of the islets of the Langerhans in the pancreas

30
Q

What are some instances where glucagon is released

A

stress

fasting states

31
Q

Glucagon promotes what process?

A

glycogenolysis

:Glucagon enhances catabolic functions during fasting periods

32
Q

normal fasting plasma glucagon concentrations

A

25-50 pg/mL

33
Q

Where are glucocorticoids secreted?

A

cells of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

34
Q

glucocorticoids promote what processes?

A

gluconeogenesis

lipolysis

35
Q

Function of glucocorticoids?

A

decrease intestinal entry of glucose into the cell

36
Q

Where are catecholamines released?

A

chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

37
Q

catecholamines promote what process/es?

A

glycogenolysis

lipolysis

38
Q

catecholamine function?

A

inhibit insulin secretion

39
Q

where is the growth hormone secreted?

A

anterior pituitary gland

40
Q

growth hormone (somatotrophic) function?

A

decreases entry of glucose into the cell

41
Q

growth hormone promotes what processes

A

glycogenolysis

glycolysis

42
Q

thyroid hormone function

A

promotes intestinal absorption of glucose

43
Q

thyroid hormones promote what processes?

A

glycogenolysis

gluconeogenesis

44
Q

ACTH means

A

adenocorticotropic hormone

45
Q

stimulates release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

A

ACTH

46
Q

ACTH promotes what processes

A

glycogenolysis

gluconeogenesis

47
Q

where is somatostatin produced

A

delta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

48
Q

somatostatin inhibits the action of what hormones?

A

insulin
glucagon
GH

49
Q

aside from the delta cells of the islets of the Langerhans, somatostatin may also be synthesized in

A

paraventricular and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus

50
Q

it refers to the condition where there is an increase in blood glucose concentration

A

Hyperglycemia

51
Q

FBS level considered to be hyperglycemic

A

≥ 126 mg/dL

52
Q

T/F:

hyperglycemia is toxic to beta cell function and impairs insulin secretion

A

TRUE

53
Q

In the presence of hyperglycemia, serum osmolality will be (high/low).

A

High

54
Q

In the occurrence of hyperglycemia, sodium concentrations will be (higher/lower)

A

lower

:this is due in part to losses (polyuria) and in part to a shift of water from cells because of the hyperglycemia.

55
Q

Type (I/II/III) DM patients are more likely to produce ketones.

A

I

56
Q

refers to the condition where there is decreased glucose levels and can have many causes.

A

hypoglycemia

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (8 decks)

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