01 RODRIGUEZ_INTRODUCTION

Question 1

basic science that utilizes the specialty of chemistry to study human beings in various stages of health and disease

Answer 1

Clinical Chemistry

Question 2

an applied science when analyses are performed on body fluids or tissue specimens to provide important information for the diagnosis of treatment or disease

Answer 2

Clinical Chemistry

Question 3

units of measurement may either be:

Answer 3

conventional or systeme internationale (SI) unit

Question 4

unit of measure consisting of seven independent base units, and each unit is represented by a symbol

Answer 4

SI unit

Question 5

unit of measure used because compounds react on a molar basis, and expression of amounts of substances in such terms allows for a better understanding of the relative proportion of compounds

Answer 5

SI unit

Question 6

three classes of SI units:

Answer 6

base, derived, and SI units

Question 7

seven base SI units

Answer 7

meter (m)
kilogram (kg)
second (s)
mole (Mol)
Ampere (A)
Kelvin (K)
Candela (cd)

Question 8

unit of measurement recommended because compounds react on a molar basis, and expression of the concentration following that unit of measurement allows for a better understanding of the relative proportion of compounds, hence, it has been recommended that analytes be reported using moles of solute/volume of solution (mmol/L)

Answer 8

SI unit

Question 9

enzymatic activity is measured using what unit

Answer 9

international unit per liter (IU/L or U/L) or katal unit per liter (KU/L)

Question 10

T/F:

pH scale is retained for measurement of hydrogen ion concentrations

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

reference volume under systeme international

Answer 11

Liter

Question 12

Base SI Unit:

length

Answer 12

meter (m)

Question 13

Base SI Unit:

mass

Answer 13

kilogram (kg)

Question 14

Base SI Unit:

time

Answer 14

second (s)

Question 15

Base SI Unit:

quantity of substance

Answer 15

mole (mol)

Question 16

Base SI Unit:

electric current

Answer 16

Ampere (A)

Question 17

Base SI Unit:

thermodynamic temperature

Answer 17

Kelvin (K)

Question 18

Base SI Unit:

luminous intensity

Answer 18

Candela (cd)

Question 19

system of ensuring accuracy and precision in the laboratory by including quality control reagents in every series of measurements.

Answer 19

Quality control

Question 20

process of ensuring that analytical results are correct by testing known samples that resemble patient samples.

Answer 20

Quality control

Question 21

involves the process of monitoring the characteristics of the analytical processes and detects analytical errors during testing, and ultimately prevent the reporting of inaccurate patient test results.

Answer 21

Quality control

Question 22

ability of an analytical method to measure the smallest concentration of the analyte of interest

Answer 22

Sensitivity

Question 23

ability of an analytical method to measure only the analyte of interest.

Answer 23

Specificity

Question 24

nearness of closeness of the assayed value to the true or target value

Answer 24

Accuracy

Question 25

Accuracy is estimated using 3 types of studies namely:

Answer 25

recovery
interference
patient sample comparison

Question 26

type of study that determines how much of the analyte can be identified in the sample

Answer 26

recovery

Question 27

type of study that determines if specific compounds affect laboratory tests like hemolysis, turbidity, and icteric

Answer 27

Interference

Question 28

type of study that is used to assess presence of error (inaccuracy) in actual patient sample

Answer 28

patient sample comparison

Question 29

ability of an analytical method to give repeated results on the same sample that agree with one another

Answer 29

Precision

Question 30

degree by which a method is easily repeated

Answer 30

Practicability

Question 31

ability of an analytical method to maintain accuracy and precision over an extended period of time during which equipment, reagents and personnel may change

Answer 31

Reliability

Question 32

ability of the analytical method to detect the proportion of individuals with the disease.

Answer 32

Diagnostic sensitivity

Question 33

indicates the ability of the test to generate more true-positive and fewer false-negative

Answer 33

Diagnostic sensitivity

Question 34

T/F:

Screening tests require high sensitivity so that no case is missed.

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

Sensitivity (%) formula:

Answer 35

[100 x number of diseased individuals with a positive test] / total number of diseased individuals tested

Question 36

Specificity (%) formula:

Answer 36

[100 x number of individuals without disease with a negative test] / total number of individuals tested without the disease

Question 37

ability of the analytical method to detect the proportion of individuals without the disease

Answer 37

Diagnostic specificity

Question 38

reflects the ability of the method to detect true-negatives with very few false-positives

Answer 38

Diagnostic specificity

Question 39

T/F:

Confirmatory tests require higher sensitivity than specificity.

Answer 39

FALSE

:Confirmatory tests require higher specificity to be certain of the diagnosis

Question 40

T/F:

100% sensitivity and specificity indicate that the test or method detects every patient with the disease and that the test is negative for every patient without the disease

Answer 40

TRUE