05. Hypothesis Testing

Question 1

Null hypothesis

Answer 1

HYPOTHESIS BEING TESTED; Hypothesis to be nullified or rejected; Hypothesis the researcher HOPES TO REJECT! Rejecting it favors the alternative hypothesis; If null hypothesis is accepted “Fail to reject the Null Hypothesis”

Question 2

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 2

Research hypothesis; Any hypothesis that does not conform to the one being tested

Question 3

One directional null

Answer 3

Null hypothesis predicts direction of results

Question 4

Two directional null

Answer 4

Non-directional; Does not predict direction of results

Question 5

Alpha levels

Answer 5

Level of acceptable risk set by researcher before any values are calculated; possibility that results happen by chance; Most common ? = 0.05 (5% chance that results happened by chance); smaller = more significant finding

Question 6

P values

Answer 6

Probability value; risk associated with not being 100% confident; Probability of making a Type 1 error

Question 7

p

Answer 7

Reject the Null Hypothesis

Question 8

p > Alpha

Answer 8

Accept the Null Hypothesis

Question 9

Calculated “t” values

Answer 9

Computer value generated with results

Question 10

Critical “t” values

Answer 10

Table value

Question 11

Crit t

Answer 11

Reject the Null Hypothesis

Question 12

Crit t > Calc t

Answer 12

Fail to reject the Null Hypothesis

Question 13

Statistical power

Answer 13

Power = 1 - ?; Probability that if there is an effect, it will be detected; Lower sampling error = higher power; Increasing sample size reduces sampling error; Tells about Type II error

Question 14

Correlation co-efficiencies

Answer 14

Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient = r; Range is -1 to +1. Shows correlation.

Question 15

Positive correlation

Answer 15

+ Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient showing that one variable goes UP as the other variable goes UP

Question 16

Negative correlation

Answer 16

• Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient showing that one variable goes UP as the other variable goes DOWN

Question 17

Independent variable

Answer 17

Variable that is manipulated. Cause of change in another variable; Also called factors.

Question 18

Dependent variable

Answer 18

Effect of the treatment

Question 19

Confounding variable

Answer 19

variables that the researcher failed to control, or eliminate, damaging the internal validity of an experiment.

Question 20

Extraneous variable

Answer 20

Any condition not part of the study. Could have an effect of the DV. Control by randomizatio of subjects

Question 21

Type 1 Error

Answer 21

False alarm; saying finding is significant when it isn’t; Decreased by lower critical value

Question 22

Type 2 Error

Answer 22

More serious error; Saying a finding is insignificant when it’s significant; Decreased by increasing sample size