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EBM Final > 04. Intro to Research > Flashcards

04. Intro to Research Flashcards

1
Q

Basic research

A

FOCUSED ON DEVELOPING THEORY; Understand, explore,develop theory; Describe & provide foundation; Process of collecting/analyzing info to develop theory

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2
Q

Applied research

A

FOCUSED ON TESTING A THEORY; Apply & test theory; Predict, compare & explain cause; Results either support or don’t support a theory; Action research

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3
Q

Nuremberg Code

A

1947; 10 standards to which physicians must conform when carrying out experiments; Require voluntary informed consent; Risk must be weighed against the expected benefit; Avoid actions that injure humans

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4
Q

National Research Act

A

1974; Belmont Report - a foundational document in the US for ethics; Respect for persons - Informed consent; Beneficence - Assessment of risks and benefits; Justice - Fair selection of subjects; Requires proposed research to be approved by an authorized group (IRB)

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5
Q

Discrete variable definition

A

Whole numbers; Possibilities within a variable are distinct within a certain range of values (e.g. children in a family)

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6
Q

Continuous variable definition

A

Any value withina given range (e.g. BP)

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7
Q

Types of qualitative research

A

Historical; Case study; Biography; Ethnography; Phenomenology

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8
Q

Reliability vs. Validity

A

Test CANNOT be VALID WITHOUT also BEING RELIABLE; A test can be RELIABLE WITHOUT BEING VALID.

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9
Q

Types of reliability

A

Stability (Test-retest); Equivalence; Equivalence & Stability

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10
Q

Stability

A

Type of reliability; Results consistent over TIME

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11
Q

Equivalence

A

Type of reliability; Results are consistent over DIFFERENT FORMS

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12
Q

Equivalence & Stability

A

Type of reliability; One version of test yields comparative results to an alternate version after a period of time

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13
Q

Types of validity

A

Content Validity; Construct Validity; Criterion-related Validity

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14
Q

Content validity

A

Measures the intended CONTENT AREA; Judge needed

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15
Q

Construct validity

A

Degree to which TEST ITEMS get at the construct the test is intended to measure

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16
Q

Criterion-related validity

A

SCORES are RELATED to a separate ALREADY VALID test; Extent to which test PREDICTS BEHAVIOR

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17
Q

Population

A

Large group of subjects

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18
Q

Sample

A

Group of subjects selected from a population

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19
Q

Parameter

A

Numerical value that describes a POPULATION

20
Q

Statistic

A

Numerical value that describes a SAMPLE; Tool to ORGANIZE DATA and DRAW CONCLUSIONS

21
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

22
Q

Interferential Statistics

A

Procedures that ALLOW CONCLUSIONS about a population to be drawn from sample data

23
Q

Descriptive statistic categories

A

Central tendency; Dispersion (or Variation); Relative Position

24
Q

Sampling error

A

CHANCE inaccuracies

25
Q

Sampling bias

A

Inaccuracies that are ACTUAL ERRORS d/t the SAMPLE NOT BEING REPRESENTATIVE; Controllable; Results of study become INVALID

26
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Mean, median, & mode; Describe HOW SIMILAR

27
Q

Mean

A

Average

28
Q

Median

A

Score in the middle when everything arranged in ascending or descending order; best for data including EXTREME SCORES

29
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent score; Best central tendency score for nominal or ordinal data

30
Q

Measures of dispersion

A

Range, standard deviation, & variance; How DISSIMILAR, SPREAD OUT

31
Q

sd

A

Standard deviation for a SAMPLE; Square root of the variance; (almost always what we use)

32
Q

Range

A

Quick & easy, but not very stable and easily affected by extreme scores

33
Q

Measures of relative proportion

A

Percentile ranks, standard scores (z- & t-scores); COMPARISON of one to others

34
Q

Distribution

A

Assumption that samples were taken from populations with normal distributions; normally distributed populations will have all 3 measures of central tendency that are about equal

35
Q

Positively Skewed Distribution

A

Peak at the left of the graph with long tail on the right

36
Q

Negatively Skewed Distribution

A

Tail at the left of the graph with peak on the right

37
Q

Major classifications of research

A

Non-experimental; Experimental

38
Q

Non-experimental

A

Does not exert any direct influence

39
Q

Types of non-experimental research

A

Qualitative; Descriptive (Quantitative); Correlational

40
Q

Experimental research

A

Researcher exerts control over one or more variables

41
Q

Steps of scientific method

A

1 - Problem; 2 - Plan; 3 - Analyze; 4 - Results, Conclusion & Implications

42
Q

When is research not worth doing?

A

If there is not an unsettling problem that needs attention

43
Q

What components are in methodology?

A

Design; Instrumentation; Participants; Variables; Plan for analyzing data

44
Q

Quantitative Research Design

A

Highly structured; STRICT RULES

45
Q

Qualitative Research Design

A

Fairly FLEXIBLE; Design can EVOLVE during study

EBM Final (12 decks)

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