03 Individual Differences

Question 1

Hardiness (3)

Answer 1

1. they feel they are in control of their lives
2. they feel a sense of commitment to their family/work goals and values
3. they see unexpected changes as a challenge rather than an obstacle

Question 2

2 research findings on hardiness

Answer 2

1. hardy individuals adopt problem-focused and support-seeking strategies
2. hardy individuals had fewer physiological reactions to stressors, report fewer illnesses, and higher well-being

Question 3

6 characteristics of type A behavior pattern (TABP)

Answer 3

1. ambitious
2. impatient
3. irritable
4. easily aroused to hostility
5. time urgency (fast-paced)
6. incessantly struggling to achieve more in less time

Question 4

Under stress, Type A employees are more likely to exhibit what 3 things?

Answer 4

1. high blood pressure
2. stress-related hormones
3. slowness in recovering from stress

Question 5

4 types of Core-Self Evaluations (CSEs)

Answer 5

1. locus of control
2. neuroticism
3. self-esteem
4. self-efficacy

Question 6

Core-Self Evaluations

Answer 6

evaluations people make about themselves and their functioning

Question 7

Positive core self-evaluation is characterized by what 2 things

Answer 7

1. consistently appraise themselves as positive

2. see themselves as capable, worthy, and in control of their lives

Question 8

self-esteem

Answer 8

evaluation or appraisal of self-worth

Question 9

locus of control

Answer 9

extent to which one can control events that affect him/her

Question 10

neuroticism

Answer 10

tendency to experience instability in emotions and negative emotional states

Question 11

self-efficacy

Answer 11

belief that one can attain certain goals

Question 12

CSEs are associated with what 5 things?

Answer 12

1. more satisfaction
2. fewer perceived stressors
3. lower strains
4. less avoidance-coping
5. more problem-focused coping

Question 13

4 mechanisms linking personality to work stress

Answer 13

1. perception
2. selection
3. stressor-creation
4. differential sensitivity

Question 14

perception

Answer 14

personality traits “color” one’s interpretation of the work environment (affecting one’s subjective interpretation)

Question 15

selection

Answer 15

employees are predisposed to select into particular types of work environment as a result of their personalities

Question 16

stressor-creation

Answer 16

personality influences how workers shape (intentionally or unintentionally) their work environments

Question 17

differential sensitivity

Answer 17

as a result of personality differences, workers differ in their levels of responsiveness to work stressors

Question 18

coping

Answer 18

all attempts (regardless of their success) to manage a stressful situation in order to make it less stressful

Question 19

primary and secondary appraisals of coping

Answer 19

primary: appraisal of the situation
secondary: one’s possibilities to deal with it

Question 20

3 classifications of coping styles

Answer 20

1. problem-solving coping
2. emotion-focused coping
3. avoidance-focused coping

Question 21

problem-solving coping

Answer 21

efforts directed at defining the problem and managing or altering the problem causing the stress

Question 22

3 types of problem-solving coping

Answer 22

1. planning
2. seeking advice and instrumental support
3. positive efforts and reframing

Question 23

problem-solving coping (+), (4)

Answer 23

1. optimism
2. internal locus of control
3. self-esteem
4. hardiness

Question 24

problem-solving coping (-), (1)

Answer 24

trait anxiety

Question 25

emotion-focused coping

Answer 25

attempts to reduce emotional distress by managing feelings and emotions

Question 26

2 types of emotion-focused coping

Answer 26

1. focus on and venting of emotions

2. seeking emotional support

Question 27

emotion-focused coping (+), (3)

Answer 27

1. type a
2. trait anxiety
3. NA

Question 28

emotion-focused coping (-), (2)

Answer 28

1. optimism

2. internal locus of control

Question 29

5 types of avoidance-focused coping

Answer 29

1. denial
2. not thinking about the problem
3. distracting oneself
4. drinking or using drugs
5. removing oneself from situations

Question 30

avoidance-focused coping (+)

Answer 30

trait anxiety

Question 31

avoidance-focused coping (-), (3)

Answer 31

1. optimism
2. hardiness
3. self-esteem