02. The Hard Stuff Flashcards
Deadlines in Rule-Governed Behavior
The deadline marks when the SD period ends. The time after the deadline is the S(Delta)
Rule-Governed Behavior
A way that people’s behavior comes under the control of consequences that are too delayed to influence behavior directly (in written format)
Examples of Rule-Governed Behavior
Preparing for a baby
Studying for a big test
Equivalence Class
A set of arbitrary stimuli that don’t need to have common physical properties (.5, 1/2, half)
Transivity
The final and critical test for stimulus equivalence. (Person makes a direct jump without learning
Transivity Example
A=B relation –> Baby picture = Baby word
B=C relation –> Baby word = Saying “Baby”
A=C Automatic relation of Baby picture and Saying “Baby”
Stimulus Equivalence
The emergence of accurate responding to untrained and non-reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to other stimulus-stimulus relations.
Identity Matching-to-Sample
When the sample and the comparison stimuli are physically identical
Symbolic Matching-to-Sample
When the relation between the sample and comparison stimuli is arbitrary.
Matching-to-Sample
Selecting a comparison stimulus corresponding to a sample stimulus (Reinforcing only when the client makes a correct match)
Simple Discrimination
An antecedent evokes or abates the behavior
Conditional Discrimination
Circumstances under which the discrimination is appropriate (asking for various items through PECS in different conditions)
Conditional Discrimination Example
Similar gestures in different countries serve different meanings.
Concept
Requires an individual being able to discriminate between what is included and excluded from a stimulus class to form a concept. (stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination)
Generalization Gradient
A graph that shows the extent to which a behavior that has been reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus condition is emitted in the presence of other stimuli
CHECK FOR: Flat slope: Little stimulus control, Increasing Slope: More stimulus control
Stimulus Discrimination
Occurs when new stimuli do not evoke the same response as the controlling stimulus.
Stimulus Generalization
When the same type of behavior that has a history of reinforcement tends to be evoked by stimuli that share similar physical properties with the controlling antecedent stimulus. (Ex: Mom in the presence of other adult women)
Discriminative Stimulus (SD)
A stimulus in the presence of which responses have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced in the past.
Motivating Operation (MO)
Something that changes the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer (related to differential reinforcing effectiveness) and effects the current frequency of the behavior
Stimulus Delta S(Delta)
A Stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past (not always 0 reinforcement)
Overshadowing
The presence of one stimulus interferes with the acquisition of stimulus control by another stimulus.
Masking
A competing stimulus can block the evocative function of that stimulus even though a stimulus has acquired stimulus control
Pre-Attending Skills
The ability to look at the instructor or materials, listen to directions, sit quietly.
Must be taught before stimulus control.
Stimulus Salience
Prominence of the stimulus in person’s the person’s environment. Increased Salience makes things easier to learn
Stimulus Control
When the rate/frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus. (Acquired when responses are reinforced).
Extinction
A procedure that occurs when a previously reinforced response is discontinued, so that the behavior decreases in the future.
Possible Unwanted Effects of Extinction
Extinction Bursts
Extinction induced aggression
Difficult to use on clients who rarely display target bx.
Difficult to know what the reinforcer is for the bx
Difficult in maintaining reinforcement (peer attention)
Danger in ignoring challenging behaviors
Challenging behaviors may be imitated by others
Procedural Extinction
Ignoring (NOT THE SAME AS PLANNED IGNORING)
Functional Extinction
Withholding maintaining reinforcement
Extinction Type (Positive Reinforcement)
Is the function of the an individual’s behavior is attention, then ignoring is the correct form of extinction
Extinction Type (Automatic Reinforcement)
Mask or remove sensory consequence (gloves for scratching)
Extinction Type (Negative Reinforcement)
Individual cannot escape aversive situation
Reasons for Resistance to Extinction (6)
- Long history of reinforcement
- Intermittent schedules of reinforcement
- High quality reinforcement
- Large amount of reinforcement
- response requiring little effort
- Number of previous extinction trials.
Types of Extinction (PAN)
Positive Reinforcement
Automatic Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Spontaneous Recovery
The behavior that diminished during the extinction process reoccurs even though the behavior does not produce reinforcement (not an indication that the extinction procedure was ineffective)
Operant Extinction
Involves withholding reinforcement when the behavior occurs
Respondent Extinction
Involves the un-pairing of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination Training
A procedure in which responses are reinforced in the presence of one stimulus condition, but not in the presence of the other S(Delta)
3 Parts to Stimulus Equivalence (RST)
Reflexivity (A=A)
Symmetry (A=B, B=A)
Transivity (A=B, B=C, A=C)
Noncontingent Reinforcement is NOT Extinction
Both reduce behaviors, but extinction diminishes behavior by changing the consequence. NCR is an antecedent intervention
Response Blocking is NOT Extinction
Response blocking prevents the response from occuring, but with extinction the individual can still produce the respond, but the behavior is not producing reinforcement.
Verbal Analog Conditioning
Verbal pairing procedure where previously neutral stimuli can become conditioned punishers or reinforcers for humans without direct pairing (children’s moral stories)
Generalized Conditioned Punishers
A type of conditioned punisher that has been paired with many unconditioned punishers (can be punishing all the time - reprimands or social disapproval)
Conditioned Punishers
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more punishers (neutral tone paired with electric shock)
Unconditioned Punishers
A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it regardless of the organism’s previous learning history of that stimulus. (hot temperature, extremely loud noise)
Behavioral Contrast
A phenomenon that occurs when one component of a multiple schedule increases or decrease the rate or responding that is accompanied by a change in response rate on the other, unaltered schedule.
Environment
Complex, dynamic universe of events that differs from instance to instance
Behavior
Large set/class of responses that share physical dimensions of functions
Response
A single instance of behavior
Response Cost
Loss of a specific amount of reinforcement contingent on a behavior
Automatic Punishment
Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others
Negative Automatic Punishment Example
You wear an itchy sweater, in the future, you don’t wear the sweater.
Positive Automatic Punishment Example
You wear a rubber band around your wrist and smack yourself with it whenever you says a curse word.
Automatic Reinforcement
Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. Other people do not deliver the consequence
Negative Automatic Reinforcement Example
Scratching an insect bite
Positive Automatic Reinforcement Example
Eating Something good
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer
A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers (social attention, money, token system)
Types of Positive Reinforcers (EATSS)
Edibles Activity Tangible Social Sensory
Possible Unwanted Effects of Reinforcement
- Can be Temporary
- Ethical Consideration of presenting aversive stimuli
- Relying on contrived reinforcers instead of natural reinforcers
- Loss of intrinsic motivation
- Confusing bribery with reinforcement
- Ethical consideration of using proper reinforcement (nothing harmful)
Stimulus
Physical evens that affect the behavior of an individual (can be internal or external, and described by its function, temporally, or by physical features)
Conditioned Reinforcer
When a previously neutral stimulus acquires the ability to function as reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers.
Free Operant - Avoidance
A contingency in which responses at anytime during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of the aversive stimulus delays presentation of the aversive stimulus. NO WARNING
Free-Operant Avoidance Example
You decide to take the service streets to work without checking the traffic first (SD)
Discriminated Avoidance
A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of an aversive stimulus. Escape is the reinforcer.
Discrimated Avoidance Example
You decide to check the traffic before going to work to avoid at heavy traffic.
Escape
A behavior allows escape from an ongoing aversive stimulus (walking out of a boring lecture)
Two Types of Negative Reinforcement
Escape
Avoidance
Two Types of Avoidance
Free-Operant Avoidance
Discriminated Avoidance
Negative Reinforcement
A process that occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the reduction or removal of an aversive stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
A process that occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior.
Reinforcement Strengthens… (5)
Rate Duration Latency Magnitude Topography
Positive Punishement vs. Negative Reinforcement
Both are called aversive control because of aversive association, but in positive punishment an aversive stimulus is added and in negative reinforcement an aversive stimulus is removed.
Punishment
When a response is followed immediately by a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of similar response (defined by future effects on behavior)
5 Styles of Positive Punishment Interventions (ROSER)
Reprimands Overcorrection Shock Exercise Response Blocking
Positive Punishment (Overcorrection)
An individual is required to engaged in effortful behavior related to the behavior
Positive Punishment (Shock)
Shock after an individual engages in the target behavior
Positive Punishment (Exercise)
An individual is required to perform a response not topographically related to the behavior
Positive Punishment (Response Blocking)
Physically Intervening as soon as the individual begins to emit the challenging behavior to “block” completion of the response.
Recovery from Punishment
Effects on behavior are not permanent, rate of behavior will increase to it’s original rate and may exceed it.
Restitutional Overcorrection
Repair the environment to its original state before the behavior and make it a lot better on top of that
Positive Practice Overcorrection
The individual is required to repeatedly perform a correct form of the behavior for a certain amount of time or number of times.
Possible unwanted effects of punishment (8)
- Society dislikes it
- Effects are temporary
- People who are enacting the procedure may be negatively reinforced by their behavior
- Does not address the function of the behavior
- Emotional and aggressive reactions may be produced by the client
- Imitation of others
- Requires a lot of supervision, resources, time
- Escape and avoidance in those implementing the procedures
Discriminative Effects of Punishment
When punishment occurs only in some conditions and not in others (getting a ticket in one area of the freeway)
Exclusionary Time-Out (Room Time-Out)
Confined space outside individual’s normal environment, devoid of positive reinforcement with minimal furnishings, individual is safely placed.
Exclusionary Time-Out (Partition)
Individual remains in the room, but his/her view is restricted by a wall or partition
Exclusionary Time-Out (Hallway)
Individuals sit in the hallway
3 Types of Exclusionary Time-Out (RPH)
Room Time-Out
Partition Time-Out
Hallway Time-Out
4 Types of Non-Exclusionary Time-Out (IWOR)
Ignoring (Planned ignoring)
Withdrawal
Observation
Ribbon
4 Types of Non-Exclusionary Time-Out (Ignoring)
Social reinforcers are removed for a specific period of time
4 Types of Non-Exclusionary Time-Out (Withdrawal)
Withdrawal of a specific positive reinforcer: Taking something preferred away.
4 Types of Non-Exclusionary Time-Out (Observation)
Individual is re-positioned in room so they can observe everything, but do not participate
4 Types of Non-Exclusionary Time-Out (Ribbon)
Colored band placed on individual’s wrist, this is the discrimination for getting reinforcement
Bonus response Cost
When you make additional non-contingent reinforcers available to the individual and then take those away.
Direct Fines
Direct loss of positive reinforcers
Punisher
A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of the behavior that immediately precedes it
Aversive Stimulus
An unpleasant stimulus
Positive Punishment
A process that occurs when the addition of a stimulus following a behavior results in a decrease in the future frequency for that behavior
Feature Stimulus (Dog)
Stimuli in this class can share common topographies, relative relations, infinite number of stimuli, etc.
Feature Stimulus Examples
Concepts of Dogs, Houses, Trees, etc.
Reinforcement
A response becomes more frequent in the future if a reinforcer or an increase in a reinforcer has followed in within 0 to 60 seconds (Immediacy is important!)
Negative Punishment
A process that occurs when a response is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions.
9 Main Unconditioned MO’s
- Food deprivation
- Sleep deprivation
- Oxygen deprivation
- Becoming too warm
- Becoming too cold
- Water deprivation
- Activity deprivation
- Sex deprivation
- Increase in Pain
3 Types of the Nervous System (PIE)
Proprioceptive
Introspective
Exteroceptive
Nervous System (Proprioceptive)
Stimulation from joints, tendons, muscles, balance, etc.
Nervous System (Introspective)
Stimulation from organs related to internal events
Nervous System (Exteroceptive)
Stimulation that comes from the 5 senses
Unconditioned Motivating Operations
Unlearned, value-altering motivating effects on behavior
Consequences
Events that occur after the behavior an affect future behavior
Behavior- Altering Effects
A decrease or increase in the current frequency of the behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same MO.
Function- Altering Effects
Ho the future behavior of a person changes because of the MO they are experience in the moment
Repertoire
A collection of knowledge and skills an individual has learned that are relevant to a particular class.
Value-Altering Effect
An increase or decrease in the current reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus
Abolishing Operatiions
An MO that decreases the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer
Response Class
A group of behaviors that comprise have the same function
Unconditioned Reinforcer
A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behavior without prior pairing (no learning history required)
2 Types of Time-Out
Non-Exclusionary Time-Out
Exclusionary Time-Out
Automacity
An individual automatically engages in the behavior without thinking of the consequence
Conditioned Motivating Operations
A learned relation between the nature and value of an antecedent stimulus and the nature of a response
Establishing Operation (EO)
A type of MO that increases the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer
Transitive MO
An environmental variable that established the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus an thereby evokes or abates the behavior that has been reinforced by the other stimulus.
Stimulus Class
A group of antecedent stimuli that have a common effect on an operant class
Arbitrary Stimulus
Stimuli comprising this class evoke the same response, but they do not share a common stimulus feature, they don’t look a like, but they still belong to the same class
Arbitrary Stimulus Examples
Fruit (Oranges, bananas, apples
50%, .5, 1/2, half
Avoidance
A response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus
Contingency-Shaped Behavior
When a behavior is directly controlled by a contingency, NOT rules
Surrogate MO
A stimulus that has acquired its effectiveness by accompanying some other MO and as come to have the same value-altering and behavior-altering effects as the MO that it has accompanied.
Reflexive MO
Conditions or objects that acquire their effectiveness as MO’s by preceding a situation that either is worsening or is improving
3 Types of Stimulus Classes (FTF)
Formal
Temporal
Functional
Stimulus Class (Formal)
Physical features of stimuli (size, color, intensity)
Stimulus Class (Temporal)
(Time) - Stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to and after a behavior of interest
Stimulus Class (Functional)
The effect of he stimulus on the behaviors (Can be multiple functions)
SD versus MO Example
If you are not hungry, you do not want food (MO), but if you are hungry, you pass a restaurant, you go in to eat, the restaurant serves as the SD while the food is the MO.
SD versus MO
They both occur before behavior and have evocative functions (bring out behavior), in combination, they are called “Repertoire-Altering Effect”
Stimulus Generalization Vs. Stimulus Discrimination
SG–> Loose Stimulus control (all shades of green)
SD–> Tight Stimulus control (green versus other colors)
Reinforcement…. (4)
- Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant
- Changes what comes before and after a behavior
- Creates stimulus control, makes responding to the SD more likely
- Depends on motivation
Extinction… (3)
- Is not a punishment procedure
- Only behavior that is put on extinction can be extinguished.
- Using extinction and punishment together is often effective
Ethical Warning!: Extinction
Extinction that is not used in a treatment packages can cause ethical concern. Always use it with reinforcement.
Ethical Warning!: MO’s
Should not use potential reinforcers that can be harmful to the client (cigarettes, harmful foods, alcohol, etc.)
