01 - Structure

Question 1

(Bacteria)

1. prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
2. independent or dependent (parasitic)?
3. Do prokaryotic cells have golgi and endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 1

1. prokaryotic
2. either
3. no

Question 2

(What is unique in Prokaryotes?)

1. have a nucleus?
2. region that contains DNA molecule called what?
3. nucleoid region protected and encased by what?

(cyanobacteria = blue-green algae)

Answer 2

1. no
2. nucleoid region
3. cell membrane

Question 3

(Prokaryotes)

1. long things called what?
2. short things called what?

Answer 3

1. flagella
2. fimbriae

Question 4

(Eukaryotes)

1. include what 4 categories?
2. how much larger than prokaryote?
3. is nucleus membrane-bound?

Answer 4

1. plant, animal, fungi, protozoa
2. 10X
3. yes

Question 5

for reference (do not memorize)

Answer 5

Question 6

(Bacterial Sizes and Shapes)

1. range from what in diameter? in length?
2. What are three shapes?

Answer 6

1. 0.2-2 um, 2-8 um
2. spherical, rod-shaped, spiral

Question 7

(Shapes - Spherical)

1. cocci divide to reproduce - if a pair remain called what?
2. those that divide and remain attached alled what?
3. those that form grapelike clusters called what?

Answer 7

1. diplococci
2. streptococci
3. staphylococci

Question 8

(Rod Shaped)

1. include what kinds?
2. most bacilli divide along what axis? most bacilli appear as what?

(Spiral shaped)

1. have one or more twists… are never straight

Answer 8

1. bacillus, pleural-bacilli
2. short axis; single rods

Question 9

(size)

1. of coccus?
2. of bacillus?
3. of spirochete?

Answer 9

1. 1 um
2. 5 um
3. 10 um

Question 10

(Structures external to cell wall)

1. what is a coating or layer of molecules external to the cell wall? what does it do?
2. what are long strands…
3. short strands?

Answer 10

1. glycocalyx; protective/adhesive/receptor functions
2. flagella (he gave names for when there are different numbers… but they aren’t in ppt)
3. fimbriae

Question 11

gander

Question 12

1. gram-positive have a single cytoplasmic membrane and are thus called what?
2. gram negative have double membrane envelopes and are thus called what?

Answer 12

1. monoderms
2. diderms

Question 13

look at this

Answer 13

Question 14

(staining)

1. the gram negative PG layer is thin and not-greatly cross linked… this allows crystal violet to do what during decolorization?
2. So gram stain differences are due to what?

Answer 14

1. wash out
2. peptidoglycan

Question 15

(External Structures)

1. Bacteria can have any or none of three non-essential appendages

flagella, fimbriae (pili), capsules

Question 16

(flagella

1. attached to cell wall… provide what?
2. composed of what?
3. highly what? used for what?
4. called what type of antigens?
5. flagella can be of what three types (referring to number)

Answer 16

1. motility
2. glycoproteins
3. immunogenic; serotyping
4. H antigens
5. monotrichous, lipotrichous, peritrichous

Question 17

(Fimbriae (pili))

1. are smaller protein appendages
2. present in higher number on a cell
3. used for motility?
4. can participate in attached to what?

Answer 17

3. no
4. host cells

Question 18

(Capsules)

1. outermost layer covering some bacteria and provide a slime covering
2. easily viewed under Gram’s stain?
3. speical stains are used
4. important virlulence factors
5. can disrupt what?
6. mediate attachment to what?
7. prevent what?
8. can resist lysis by what?
9. inhibit lysis within what?

Answer 18

2. no
3. phagocytosis
4. host mucous layers
5. desiccation of the cell
6. complement
7. phagolysosomes

Question 19

(Spores)

1. several groups of bacteria form structures called endospores/spores
2. resting stage that allows what?
3. When conditions improve… spores transform into what?
4. some spores that can withstand harsh conditions cause what three things?
5. not all bacteria can from spores

Answer 19

2. endure adverse conditions
3. active bacteria
4. anthrax, botulism, tetanus

(check out pic)

Question 20

(Sterilization)

1. any process that kills or eliminates transmissible agents
2. cannot kill what?
3. heat, chemicals, irradiation, high pressure, filtration

Answer 20

2. prions

Question 21

(heat sterilization)

1. what two types?

Answer 21

1. dry heat and moist heat

Question 22

(dry heat sterilization)

1. utilizes hot air
2. what are two time-temp options?
3. destroy microorganisms by doing what?
4. used for sterilizing metal, glass (solids) - not for rubber and plastics….

Answer 22

2. 320 F for 2 hours, 340 for 1 hour
3. coagulation of proteins

Question 23

(Moist Heat Sterilization)

1. moisbutre plays more important role is process
2. mosist heat coagulates the proteins in any organism… aided by what property of water vapor?
3. sterilizes culture media, lab items, surgical equipment

Answer 23

2. penetrating property

Question 24

(Incineration)

1. used for destruction of infected carcasses
2. what temp?
3. will bacteria (including spore-formers), and viruses survive?

Answer 24

2. 1000 C
3. no

Question 25

(Gamma Irradiation)

1. gamma radiation (gamma rays) is what?
2. used for sterilization of what?
3. unsuitable for what equipment?

Answer 25

1. electromagnetic radiation of high frequency
2. disposable plastic lab and surgical equipment
3. glass and metal equipment

Question 26

(UV light)

1. electromagnetic radiation with wavelenght longer or shorter than visible?
2. non-ionizing with what quality of penetration?
3. used in what?

Answer 26

1. shorter
2. poor
3. biosafety cabinets

Question 27

(Membrane filtration)

1. used for filtering out bacteria from what?

Answer 27

1. heat sensitive fluids (serum, tissue culture media)