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---chicago--- > 01 - serum chem > Flashcards

01 - serum chem Flashcards

1
Q

4 ↑BUN

A
  1. pre-renal (dehydration, ↓ CO, shock)
  2. renal (↓GFR): inflam/degen/cancer/toxic
  3. post-renal: urinary outflow obstruction
  4. GI bleeding
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2
Q

2 ↓BUN

A
  1. ↓hepatic: shunt, ↓hepatic mass, anorexia
  2. ↑urea excretion: PU/PD, diuresis
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3
Q

↑ creatinine

A
  1. ↓GFR (pre/renal/post)
  2. ↑ muscle mass
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4
Q

↓ creatinine

A
  1. low BCS/muscle wasting
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5
Q

5 ↑Phosphorus

A
  1. ↓GFR (pre/renal/post)
  2. hypoparathyroidism
  3. ↑ intestinal absorption
  4. osteolysis
  5. normal bone growth
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6
Q

7 ↓Phosphorus

A
  1. ↑ renal excretion
  2. anorexia
  3. intestinal malabsorption
  4. hypovitaminosis D
  5. hypercalcemia of malignancy
  6. 1° hyperparathyroidism
  7. ↑insulin
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7
Q

7 ↑ Calcium

A
  1. malignancy
  2. addison’s
  3. 1° hyperPTH
  4. osteolysis
  5. granulomas
  6. ↑ vit D
  7. renal failure
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8
Q

7 ↓ Calcium

A
  1. ↓ albumin
  2. renal failure
  3. pancreatitis
  4. hypoparathyroidism
  5. EPI
  6. malabsorption
  7. ethylene glycol
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9
Q

1 ↑ Magesium

A
  1. ↓ GFR
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10
Q

4 ↓ Magnesium

A
  1. ↓ protein
  2. diuresis
  3. ↓ GI absorption
  4. endocrine dz
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11
Q

2 ↑ total protein

A
  1. dehydration
  2. hyperglobulinemia
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12
Q

5 ↓ total protein

A
  1. hemorrhage
  2. ↓ albumin
  3. liver failure
  4. overhydration
  5. starvation
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13
Q

5 ↓ albumin/↓ globulin

A
  1. overhydration
  2. 3rd space
  3. GI dz (PLE, maldigestion/absorption)
  4. cutaneous (deep pyoderma/burns)
  5. external blood loss
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14
Q

1 ↓ albumin/normal globulin

A
  1. PLN
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15
Q

3 ↓ albumin/↑ globulins

A
  1. inflammation
  2. cancer: lymphoma/mult myeloma
  3. liver failure
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16
Q

1 ↑ albumin/↑↓ globulins

A

dehydration

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17
Q

5 ↑ sodium

A
  1. ↓ water intake
  2. panting
  3. vomiting
  4. diarrhea
  5. renal diuresis
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18
Q

3 ↓ sodium (sub categories)

A
  1. dilutional
  2. loss of Na > water (diarrhea, renal dz, addisons)
  3. loss of Na=water, replaced by water (hemorrhage, 3rd space loss, exudative skin lesions, diarrhea)
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19
Q

chloride

A

moves with sodium
if not something acid/base

20
Q

4 ↑ potassium

A
  1. ↑ intake
  2. translocation: acidosis, ↓ insulin
  3. acute renal failure
  4. bladder rupture/outflow obstruction
21
Q

4 ↓ potassium (sub categories)

22
Q
  1. loss in urine (CKD, postobstructive diuresis)
  2. loss in GI (vomiting, diarrhea)
  3. translocation: alkalemia, insulin
  4. diet
23
Q

1 ↑ bicarbonate

A
  1. loss of acid (GI or renal)
24
Q

2 ↓ bicarbonate

A
  1. low albumin
  2. ↑ cationic proteins (rare, gammopathy)
25
Q

3 ↑ T. Bili (sub)

A
  1. pre-hepatic (cholestasis)
  2. hepatic: anorexia, sepsis, lepto, ↓ liver fxn
  3. post-hepatic cholestasis
26
Q

4 ↑ ALP

A
  1. post-hepatic cholestasis
  2. bone growth/disease
  3. drugs: steroids/phenobarb
  4. metabolic: DM, hyperT4
27
Q

3 ↑ GGT

A
  1. post-hepatic cholestasis
  2. biliary hyperplasia
  3. drugs: steroids, phenobarb
28
Q

2 ↑ ALT (sub)

A
  1. 1° liver dz (inflam/infectious, neoplastic, toxic, trauma, fatty)
  2. 2° liver dz (↓ perfusion, post-hepatic cholestasis, pancreatitis, endocrine: DM, hyperT4)
29
Q

2 ↑ AST

A
  1. +↑ ALT = hepatocellular dmg
  2. +↑ CK = skeletal muscle dmg
30
Q

3 ↓ cholesterol

A
  1. liver failure
  2. addison’s
  3. PLE
31
Q

4 ↑ cholesterol (sub)

A
  1. post-prandial
  2. pancreatitis
  3. post-hepatic cholestasis
  4. endocrine (hypothyroidism, cushings, DM)
32
Q

4 ↑ glucose (sub)

A
  1. post-prandial
  2. pancreatitis
  3. stress
  4. endocrine: DM, Cushing’s, hyperT4
33
Q

5 ↓ glucose

A
  1. liver failure
  2. sepsis
  3. addison’s
  4. insulin overdose
  5. paraneoplastic
34
Q

6 causes of regen anemia

A
  1. IMHA
  2. parasites (bartonella, babesia, cytauxzoon)
  3. fragmentation (DIC, vasculitis, hemangiosarcoma)
  4. copper tox
  5. oxidative injury
  6. blood loss
35
Q

5 non-regen anemia

A
  1. chronic dz/inflammation
  2. renal failure
  3. endocrine (addisons, hypoT4)
  4. aplastic anemia
  5. myelodysplasia/fibrosis
36
Q

5 neutrophilia

A
  1. inflammation (infectious or non)
  2. corticosteroids (stress)
  3. epinephrine (excitement)
  4. neoplastic
  5. IMHA
37
Q

3 neutropenia

A
  1. inflammation (intense)
  2. endotoxemia
  3. decreased production (myelophthisis)
38
Q

3 lymphocytosis

A
  1. inflammatory dz (esp infectious w/ antigenic stim)
  2. neoplasia
  3. addison’s
39
Q

4 lymphopenia

A
  1. glucocorticoids (stress)
  2. acute inflam (esp viral)
  3. disruption of lymphatic flow (chylothorax)
  4. immunodeficiency
40
Q

monocytosis

A

pretty much same as neutrophils

41
Q

4 eosinophilia

A
  1. allergies/hypersensitivity
  2. parasites
  3. addison’s
  4. paraneoplastic (mast cell)
42
Q

leukogram pattern for

stress

(neut, left shift, lympho, monocytes, toxic)

A

↑ no ↓ ↑ no

43
Q

leukogram pattern for

mild/chronic inflammation

(neut, left shift, lympho, monocytes, toxic)

↑↓

A

↑ +/- no/↓ ↑ no

44
Q

leukogram pattern for

acute inflammation

(neut, left shift, lympho, monocytes, toxic)

↑↓

A

↑ ↑ ↓ N/↑ usually

45
Q

leukogram pattern for

overwhelming inflammation

(neut, left shift, lympho, monocytes, toxic)

A

↓ ↑ ↓ normal yes

46
Q

what is a left shift?

what is a degenerative left shift?

indicating what?

A

band neutrophils over reference

band neutrophil higher than mature neutrophil

severe inflammation

47
Q

what qualifies as a regenerative anemia?

A

reticulocyte count above ref interval

---chicago--- (6 decks)

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