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ANATOMY II Exam #1- Lo > 01-27: Abdominal Viscera > Flashcards

01-27: Abdominal Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs in the abdominal viscera?

A
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • rectum
  • anus
  • *Associated/Accessory organs:
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
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2
Q

What are the portions of the large intestine?

A
  • cecum (blind sac with appendix)
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
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3
Q

What are the portions of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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4
Q

Which organs make up the foregut?

A
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • duodenum
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • spleen
  • pancreas
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5
Q

Which organs make up the midgut?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
  • cecum
  • appendix
  • ascending colin
  • 2/3 of transverse colon
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6
Q

Which organs make up the hindgut?

A
  • 1/3 transverse colon
  • descending colin
  • sigmoid colin
  • rectum
  • anal canal
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7
Q

What is the blood supply to the foregut?

A

celiac trunk

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8
Q

What is the blood supply to the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric a

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9
Q

What is the blood supply to the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric a

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10
Q

At which vertebra does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

T10

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11
Q

At the Esophageal Hiatus, where does the esophagus lie relative to the midline?

A

slightly left of the midline

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12
Q

At the Cardiac Orifice, where does the esophagus lie relate to the midline?

A

turns sharply left to enter the stomach

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13
Q

At which vertebra does the esophagus enter the stomach?

A

T11

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14
Q

What is the width of the esophagus?

A

2.5cm

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15
Q

Where is the esophageal sphincter?

A

not well defined

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16
Q

What does failure of the esophageal sphincter to properly function lead to, clinically?

A

GERD

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17
Q

What kind of hernia can be found at T10?

A

Esophageal Hiatal Hernia

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18
Q

What are the openings in the diaphragm called?

A

hiatuses

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19
Q

What structure passes through the diaphragm at T8?

A

IVC

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20
Q

What structure passes through the diaphragm at T12?

A

Aorta

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21
Q

What structure passes through the diaphragm at T10?

A

esophagus

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22
Q

What is the condition when the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm enlarges or weakens?

A

Sliding hiatal hernia

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23
Q

What happens during a sliding hiatal hernia?

A

abdominal esophagus and parts of stomach hernia into the thorax

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24
Q

Which parts of the stomach herniate into the thorax in a sliding hiatal hernia?

A

cardia

sometimes fundus

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25
Q

What is a defect in the diaphragm next to the esophageal hiatus?

A

paraesophageal hiatal hernia

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26
Q

What does a paraesophagel hiatal hernia permit to herniate?

A

Fundus of stomach

**NOT esophagus

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27
Q

What is a paraesophagel hiatal hernia caused by?

A

weakening somewhere other than the hiatus

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28
Q

Which regions is the stomach located in?

A
  • Left Hypochondriac region

- Epigastric region

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29
Q

Which vertebrae is the Left end of the stomach fixed at?

A

T10

T10

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30
Q

Which vertebrae is the Right end of the stomach fixed at?

A

L1

L2

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31
Q

Which plane does the stomach cross?

A

transpyloric plane

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32
Q

What are the main parts of the stomach?

A
  • fundus
  • cardiac orifice
  • body
  • pylorus
  • pyloric antrum
  • rugae
  • pyloric sphincter
  • pyloric orifice
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33
Q

What is the pyloric antrum?

A

entrance to the pylorus

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34
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

mitigates food/digester material into the duodenum

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35
Q

What is the pyloric orifice?

A

entrance to the duodenum

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36
Q

The stomach has more layers of which type of muscle than the esophagus?

A

smooth muscle

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37
Q

What is the rugosae?

A

lost of folds that increase the surface area of the stomach

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38
Q

What are the 2 ligaments that connect to the stomach(?)?

A
  • Hepatogastric ligament

- Hepatoduodenal ligament

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39
Q

What 8 structures does the stomach have a relationship with POSTERIORLY?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Spleen (posterior and lateral)
  • Left suprarenal gland
  • Upper Left kidney
  • Pancreas
  • Left colic flexure
  • Left transverse colon
  • Transverse mesoderm
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40
Q

What 4 structures does the stomach have a relationship with ANTERIORLY?

A
  • Anterior abdominal wall
  • Left costal margin
  • Left diaphragm
  • Left/Quadrate lobes of the liver
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41
Q

What 2 structures does the small intestine lie between?

A
  • stomach

- large intestine

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42
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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43
Q

Which subdivision of the small intestine is a “gateway for food”?

A

duodenum

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44
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

10 inches (12 finger breadths)

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45
Q

At which vertebral bodies is the duodenum approximately located?

A

L1
L2
L3
L4

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46
Q

What structure is the starting point for the duodenum?

A

pylorus of the stomach

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47
Q

What structure is the ending point for the duodenum?

A

duodenual-jejunal junction

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48
Q

What are the 4 subdivisions of the duodenum?

A

1- superior part
2- descending part
3- horizontal part
4- ascending part

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49
Q

Is the duodenum primarily or secondarily retroperitoneal?

A

secondarily retroperitoneal

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50
Q

Which parts of the duodenum are the exception to being secondarily retroperitoneal?

A
  • Some of 1st part (Superior part)

- Some of 4th part (Ascending part)

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51
Q

The duodenum is covered by peritoneum except for in what area?

A

where the transverse mesocolon crosses the 2nd part (descending part)

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52
Q

Which part of the duodenum is surrounded by the Hepatoduodenal ligament?

A

1st part of duodenum (superior part)

**part of the lesser omentum

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53
Q

Where does the root of the mesentery begin?

A

at the duodeno-jejunal flexure

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54
Q

Where does the superior part of the duodenum start?

A

pyloric sphincter

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55
Q

How long is the superior part of the duodenum?

A

2 inches

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56
Q

Which ligament holds the superior part of the duodenum in place?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament (attaches to the celiac trunk)

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57
Q

Which vessels are posterior and superior to the Superior Part of the Duodenum?

A
  • Portal vein
  • Hepatic a.
  • Bile duct
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58
Q

What is the widened area of the Superior Part of the Duodenum?

A

duodenal bulb

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59
Q

What portion of the pancreas is inferior to the Superior Part of the Duodenum?

A

the head of the pancreas

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60
Q

How long is the Descending Part of the Duodenum?

A

3 inches

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61
Q

Are the portions of the Descending Part of the Duodenum primarily or secondarily retroperitoneal?

A

secondarily retroperitoneal

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62
Q

Which structures are anterior to the Descending Part of the Duodenum?

A
  • Fundus of the gallbladder
  • Right lobe of the liver
  • Transverse colon
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63
Q

Which structures are posterior to the Descending Part of the Duodenum?

A
  • Right kidney

- Ureter

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64
Q

Which structure is medial to the Descending Part of the Duodenum?

A

Head of the pancreas

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65
Q

What 2 ducts enter into the Descending Part of the Duodenum at the Major Duodenal Papilla?

A
  • Bile duct

- Pancreatic duct

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66
Q

What 3 structures/vessels cross the anterior surface of the Horizontal Part of the Duodenum?

A
  • Superior mesenteric a.
  • Superior mesenteric v.
  • Root of the mesentery
67
Q

Where is the head of the pancreas relative to the Horizontal Part of the Duodenum?

A

SUPERIOR to the Horizontal Part of the Duodenum

68
Q

Where is the jejunum relative to the Horizontal Part of the Duodenum?

A

ANTERIOR & INFERIOR to the Horizontal Part of the Duodenum

69
Q

Is the Ascending Part of the Duodenum covered by peritoneum?

A

NO

70
Q

What 2 structures are ANTERIOR to the Ascending Part of the Duodenum?

A
  • Root of the mesentery

- Jejunum

71
Q

What vessel is POSTERIOR to the Ascending Part of the Duodenum?

A

Left margin of the aorta

72
Q

The medial border of what muscle is POSTERIOR to the Ascending Part of the Duodenum?

A

psoas muscle

73
Q

Which structure holds the Ascending Part of the Duodenum in place and anchors it to the Right Crus of the diaphragm?

A

Suspensory ligament of the duodenum

Ligament of Treitz

74
Q

What cavity does the jejunum and ileum occupy most of?

A

peritoneal cavity of the abdomen and pelvis

75
Q

How long is the jejunum and ileum when uncoiled?

A

20 feet long

76
Q

Where does the jejunum begin?

A

duodenal-jejunal junction

77
Q

Where does the ileum end?

A

ilei-cecal valve

78
Q

Which part of the small intestine is very mobile?

A

jejunum and ileum

79
Q

What holds the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

THE mesentery

80
Q

What organ frames the jejunum and ileum?

A

Large intestine

81
Q

What are the jejunum and ileum often called?

A

the “free” small intestine

82
Q

How long is the jejunum?

A

8-10 feet long

83
Q

How much of the free small intestine is made of the jejunum?

A

2/5

84
Q

What is the anatomy and vasculature of the jejunum?

A
  • SIMPLE vascular arcades
  • LONG vasa recta
  • MORE vascular
  • GREATER diameter
  • THICKER
  • MORE plicae circularis
85
Q

How long is the Ileum?

A

10-12 feet long

86
Q

How much of the free small intestine is made of the Ileum?

A

3/5

87
Q

What is the anatomy and vasculature of the Ileum?

A
  • COMPOUND vascular arcades
  • SHORTER vasa recta
  • LESS vascular
  • SMALLER diameter
  • THINNER
  • FEWER plicae circularis
88
Q

How long is THE mesentery at the root?

A

15 cm long

89
Q

On which side is THE mesentery more free?

A

left side

90
Q

What 2 structures does THE mesentery attach to the POSTERIOR body wall?

A
  • Jejunum

- Ileum

91
Q

What 7 structures does THE mesentery cross?

A
  • L1 & L2
  • 3rd part of duodenum (Horizontal)
  • Aorta
  • IVC
  • Right ureter
  • Right gonadal vessels
  • Right psoas major
92
Q

Where does THE mesentery end?

A

at the Right SI joint

93
Q

At which vertebrae is the root of THE mesentery located?

A

L1

L2

94
Q

How many layers of peritoneum makes up THE mesentery?

A

2 layers of visceral peritoneum

95
Q

What runs through the 2 layers of peritoneum of THE mesentery?

A
  • nerves
  • lymph nodes
  • fat
  • arteries
  • veins
96
Q

How long is the root of THE mesentery?

A

6-7 inches

97
Q

How long is THE mesentery at it’s intestinal border?

A

20 feet

98
Q

What are the 8 regions of the Large intestine?

A
  • Cecum & appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Right colic flexure
  • Transverse colon
  • Left colic flexure
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum & Anal canal (in pelvis)
99
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A
  • fecal formation
  • fecal transport
  • fecal evacuation
  • water absorption
  • mucus secretion
100
Q

What are the 3 bands of longitudinal muscle on the outside of the colon?

A

Taenia coli

101
Q

Where do the Taenia coli converge?

A

at the root of the appendix

102
Q

What is produced by the Taenia Coli that slow the movement of feces?

A

haustra (sacculations)

103
Q

What are the Epiploic Appendices?

A

tags of fat in the large intestine

104
Q

Does the cecum have epiloic appendices?

A

NO

105
Q

What is the blind pouch located inferior to to the ileal-cecal orifice?

A

cecum

106
Q

What is the iliocolic valve?

A

2 folds in the cecum that are NOT a true sphincter

107
Q

What is the ileal papilla?

A

a cone-like projection of the ileum into the cecum

108
Q

Where is the opening for the appendix relative to the ileal papilla in the cecum?

A

INFERIOR to the ileal papilla

109
Q

What is the appendix usually attached to?

A

posteromedial part of the cecum

110
Q

Where is the appendix located?

A

at the junction of the 3 Taenia Coli

111
Q

How long is the appendix?

A

9-10 cm

112
Q

What supports the appendix?

A

mesoappendix

**Appendix has its own mesentery

113
Q

What is at the end of the ascending colon?

A

Right colic flexure (hepatic flexure)

114
Q

What is at the end of the transverse colon?

A

Left colic flexure (splenic flexure)

115
Q

Which parts of the colon are secondarily retroperitoneal?

A
  • ascending colon (except for the lowest part)

- descending colon

116
Q

Which parts of the colon are intraperitoneal?

A
  • transverse colon (transverse mesocolon)

- sigmoid colon (sigmoid mesocolon)

117
Q

In which region does the spleen sit?

A
  • left hypochondriac region

- midaxillary line

118
Q

What ribs does the spleen parallel?

A

9, 10, 11

119
Q

What 2 structures does the spleen sit between?

A

stomach

diaphragm

120
Q

Is the spleen covered by peritoneum?

A

YES

121
Q

What does the spleen develop in, and what does it develop from?

A
  • Develops in the dorsal mesentery

- Develops from mesoderm

122
Q

What are the 2 ligaments associated with the spleen?

A
  • Gastrosplenic ligament

- Splenorenal ligament

123
Q

Where is the spleen relative to the diaphragm?

A

POSTERIOR

124
Q

Which structures are ANTERIOR to the spleen?

A
  • stomach
  • left colic flexure
  • tail of the pancreas
125
Q

What 2 structures lie INFERIOR to the spleen?

A
  • Left kidney

- Phrenicocolic ligament

126
Q

What is the diaphragmatic surface of the spleen?

A

the smooth part of the spleen against the diaphragm

127
Q

What is present on the visceral surface of the spleen?

A
  • Hilum
  • Colic impressions
  • Gastric impressions
  • Renal impressions
128
Q

What are the 2 ligaments of the Hilum on the visceral surface of the spleen?

A
  • Gastrosplenic ligament

- Splenorenal ligament

129
Q

What peritoneal type is the pancreas?

A

secondarily retroperitoneal

130
Q

At which vertebrae is the pancreas located?

A

L1

L2

131
Q

What are the 4 parts of the pancreas?

A
  • head
  • body
  • neck
  • tail
132
Q

What does the head of the pancreas have and where is it located?

A
  • has Unicate process

- in Duodenal curve

133
Q

What is the body of the pancreas?

A

a triangular cross-section of the pancreas

134
Q

Where is the neck of the pancreas located?

A
  • constricted part

- between the head and the body of the pancreas

135
Q

Where is the tail of the pancreas located?

A
  • in the Splenorenal ligament (some)

- Anterior to the hilus of the spleen

136
Q

Which vessels are POSTERIOR to the neck of the pancreas?

A
  • superior mesenteric a.

- superior mesenteric v.

137
Q

Which vessels run Horizontally superior to or posterior to the body of the pancreas?

A
  • splenic vein

- splenic artery

138
Q

Where are the IVC and aorta relative to the body of the pancreas?

A

POSTERIOR

139
Q

Where is the stomach relative to the spleen?

A

ANTERIOR

140
Q

Where is the duodenum relative to the head of the pancreas?

A

superior, right, and inferior to the head of the pancreas

141
Q

Where does the transverse colon lie, relative to the pancreas?

A

ANTERIOR and INFERIOR to the pancreas

142
Q

What does the main/major pancreatic duct join?

A

the bile duct

143
Q

Where do the pancreatic and bile duct enter together?

A

The 2nd part of the duodenum through the hepatopancreatic ampulla

144
Q

What does the pancreatic duct and the bile duct form together?

A

major duodenal papilla

145
Q

Where does the accessory pancreatic duct enter the duodenum?

A

minor duodenal papilla

146
Q

In what quadrant is most of the liver located?

A

RUQ

147
Q

Which lobe of the liver is located in the LUQ?

A

the smaller left lobe

148
Q

What produces bile? What stores bile?

A

Liver produces bile

Gallbadder stores bile

149
Q

What structure is a double layer of peritoneum that connects the liver to the anterior wall?

A

falciform ligament

150
Q

What does the bare area of the liver include?

A

where the IVC is POSTERIOR to the liver and the hepatic veins drain into it

151
Q

What veins drain into the bare area of the liver?

A

hepatic veins

152
Q

What structures lie on the visceral surface of the liver?

A
  • Ligamentum venosum
  • Ligamentum teres hepatis
  • Hepatic fossa for gallbladder
  • Lobes of the liver (right, left, quadrate, caudate)
153
Q

What did the ligamentum venosum used to shunt in infants?

A

between vena cava & portal vein

154
Q

What does the portal hepatic transmit?

A

the portal triad

155
Q

What makes up the portal triad?

A
  • hepatic artery
  • portal vein
  • bile duct
156
Q

What did the ligamentum teres hepatis used to be?

A

obliterated umbilical vein

157
Q

What did the ligamentum venosum used to be?

A

ductus venosus

**connected the IVC and umbilicus vein

158
Q

What 2 ligaments make up the lesser omentum?

A
  • Hepatoduodenal ligament

- Hepatogastric ligament

159
Q

Where does the gallbladder lie?

A

in the hepatic fossa in RUQ

160
Q

What 2 extra hepatic bile passages make up the common hepatic duct?

A
  • cystic duct

- bile duct

161
Q

Which region is the gallbladder located on?

A

transpyloric line/region

162
Q

At what costal cartilages does the gallbladder make contact with the abdominal wall at the midclavicular line?

A

costal cartilages 9 & 10

163
Q

What are the 3 parts of the gallbladder?

A
  • fundus
  • head
  • neck
164
Q

What do the bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter through to get to the second part of the duodenum?

A

major duodenal papilla

ANATOMY II Exam #1- Lo (7 decks)

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