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Microbiology & Immunology > 01 - 03 - Introduction to Microbiology & Immunology and Bacterial Structure > Flashcards

01 - 03 - Introduction to Microbiology & Immunology and Bacterial Structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Gram stain highlights the outer membrane present in…

A

Gram negative bacteria

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2
Q

Gram stain method (4)…

A
  1. Heat fixing (crystal violet turns cells purple)
  2. Iodine (1 min)
  3. Decolourising (alcohol, 20s)
  4. Counterstain (safranin, 1-2 mins)
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3
Q

When decolourising with alcohol (stage 3 of Gram staining), gram negative bacteria will…

A

Decolourise

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4
Q

The safranin counterstain will turn ( gram negative / gram positive ) bacteria ( colour ) …

A

Gram negative, pink

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5
Q

Electron microscopy provides higher resolution images than a light microscope, but it requires…

A

Dead / fixed cells in a thin cross-section

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6
Q

Cryoelectorn microscopy + tomography uses samples flash frozen from their ‘live’ state. There is no need for…

A

Fixation, embedding or sectioning

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7
Q

Fluorescent microscopy and digital imaging uses either (2)…

A

Immunofluorescence or Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

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8
Q

Immunofluorescence can be either…

A

Direct (fluorescent antibody binds protein of interest) or indirect (secondary fluorescent antibodies bind primary antibody, which binds to protein of interest)

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9
Q

GFP comes from a jelly fish gene. Adding it to the gene sequence results in a protein that…

A

Glows green

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10
Q

Immunofluoresence can be used to detect…

A

Specific proteins

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11
Q

Immunofluoresence requires…

A

Dead / fixed cells

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12
Q

FtsZ is analogous to which eukaryotic protein?

A

Tubulin (microtubules)

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13
Q

MreB fillaments form a…

A

Spiral structure along the length of the bacteria

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14
Q

MreB fillaments are analogous to which eukaryotic filament?

A

Actin

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15
Q

Crescentin is a protein which gives some bacteria their…

A

Curved shape

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16
Q

MinD is a protein which…

A

Oscillates between the two poles of the cell in order to establish the centre to position cell division machinery

17
Q

Gram positive bacteria cell walls contain…

A

Teichoic acid

18
Q

Beta lactams target…

A

Bacterial cell walls

19
Q

Gram negative bacteria have an extra lipopolysaccaride layer which can be…

A

Shed to evade the immune system

It regrows, but with a different configuration which will not be recognised

20
Q

Lab strains of bacteria lack this protective protein layer…

A

Proteinaceous S-layer

21
Q

The proteinaceous S-layer is a…

A

Crystilline protein lattice which is protective and selective

22
Q

Bacterial capsules are made from…

A

Polysaccharide

23
Q

Bacterial capsules are ( always / sometimes / never ) covalently attached…

A

Sometimes

24
Q

Pili an fimbriae can be involved in (4)…

A
  • Conjugation
  • Attachment / adhesion
  • Pathogenesis
  • ‘twitching’ motility
25
Q

The flagella results in movement known as a…

A

Random biased walk

26
Q

Chemotaxis is…

A

The ability of the bacteria to adjust the length of movement in a direction based on whether it is moving up or down a concentration gradient

27
Q

Endospores may be triggered by…

A

Starvation

28
Q

Sigma F factor is present in the…

A

Mother cell

29
Q

Sigma E factor is present in the…

A

Pre-spore

30
Q

Biofilms are communities of bacteria held together by…

A

A polysaccharide matrix

31
Q

Examples of biofilms are (2)…

A
  • Dental plaque

* Biofilms which cause complications in catheters

32
Q

Psychrophiles are bacteria able to survive in extreme…

A

Cold

33
Q

Hperthermophiles are bacteria able to survive in extreme…

A

Heat

34
Q

Halophiles are bacteria able to survive in extreme…

A

Salinity

35
Q

Barophiles are bacteria able to survive in extreme…

A

Pressures

36
Q

Bacteria able to withstand high and low pH are known as…

A

Alkaliphiles and acidophiles respectively

37
Q

Some bacteria are able to generate their own food, even in the absence of light from CO2 and SO2 in a process known as…

A

Chemosynthesis

38
Q

Microbiota

A

Microorganisms that live in/on/around (us)

39
Q

Microbiome

A

The genome of the microbiota

Microbiology & Immunology (17 decks)

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