𝐒𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟐 Flashcards
Explain what a star is made up of
A star is a large ball of gas that gives off light and heat
What is a galaxy?
A galaxy is a large groups of stars, dust, gas and dark matter held together by gravity
what is astronomy
the branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole
what are celestial bodies
Celestial bodies are any natural objects found outside of the earths atmosphere these include planets, stars, moons, comets and asteroids.
In 350BCE Plato and Aristotle had what idea
The geometric model: The sun, moon, plants and stars all orbit around the earth, which does not move
in 150CE Ptolemy had what idea
Agreed with the geocentric model. His calculations could be used to predict planetary movements
In 1609CE galileo had what idea
Agreed with the heliocentric model, invented the telescope and observed the orbit of Venus, drew the phases of the moon
In 1687 Newton had what idea
Discovered gravity which helped to prove our understanding of the Solar System
Terrestria Planets
Mercury
Earth
Venus
Mars
Jovian planets
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
what planet has the longest day
venus- 243 days to spin on its own axis
What planet takes the longest to orbit the sun (Year)
jupiter- 12 years
What planet has the shortest orbit around the sun
mercury - 88 days
Explain what a star is
a fixed luminous point in the night sky which is a large, remote incandescent body like the sun
explain what a planet is
a celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star
explain what a moon is
the natural satellite of the earth, visible by reflected light from the sun
explain what an asteroid is
a small rocky body orbiting the sun. Large numbers of these, ranging enormously in size, are found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, though some have more eccentric orbits
Explain what a comet is
A celestial body consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust and, when near the sun, a ‘tail’ of gas and dust particles pointing away from the sun
Explain what a universe is
All the stars and galaxies that exist
How does a star make its own light and heat?
Nuclear reactions occur between two hydrogen atoms.
The nucleus of one hydrogen atom fuse with the nucleus of another hydrogen atom, forming a completely new element called helium.
The 3 rules for a celestial object to be a registered as a planet
- The object must orbit a sun.
- The object must be big enough to allow its own gravity to pull it inwards to make it look rounded.
- Planets clear their orbit when there are no more objects to crash into.
how do planets orbit the sun
- The Sun is a very large object and has a very large gravity.
- The Sun’s large gravity ‘pulls’ the planets towards it.
- At the same time the planets own gravity tries to pull away from the sun’s gravity.
- This produces the orbit of the planet around the Sun.
Name the 2 effects of the earths tilt
1) It changes the length of the day throughout the year
2) It changes the angle at which sunlight hits the ground throughout the year
Name the 8 phases of the moon
New moon
waxing crescent
first quarter
waxing gibbous
full moon
waning gibbous
third quarter
waning crescent
Lunar eclipse (4)
- A lunar eclipse occurs
when the Earth becomes between the Sun and Moon - when the Earth casts a shadow across the entire full moon
- a full moon
- A lunar eclipse happens once or twice a year and last for a few hours
Solar eclipse (5)
- A total solar eclipse occurs
- when the moon passes in front of and completely covers the sun
occur on a new moon - The moon blocks out the light from the sun.
- This leaves the Earth in darkness during the middle of the day.
- Birds stop singing!
NAME 3 BENEFITS OF SPACE TRAVEL AND THEIR DEFINITION
scientific Discovery: Space exploration allows us to learn more about our universe, including the planets, stars, and galaxies. This knowledge helps us understand our place in the cosmos.
- Technological Advancements: Space missions drive the development of new technologies that often have practical applications on Earth, such as GPS, satellite communications, and medical imaging.
- Environmental Research: Studying Earth from space helps us monitor climate change, track natural disasters, and manage Earth’s resources more effectively.
name 5 benefits of space travel (no definition needed)
Scientific Discovery
Technological Advancements
Global Cooperation
Environmental Research
Inspiration
NAME 3 HAZARDS OF SPACE TRAVEL WITH DEFINITION
Radiation Exposure: Space travelers are exposed to high levels of cosmic radiation, which can increase the risk of cancer and other health problems.
Isolation and Psychological Stress: Isolation and confinement in space can lead to psychological challenges like depression, anxiety, and interpersonal conflicts.
Space Debris: Space junk poses a risk to spacecraft and satellites, potentially causing collisions and creating more debris.
NAME 5 TYPES OF HAZARDS IN SPACE TRAVEL (NO DEFINITION NEEDED)
Radiation Exposure
Isolation and Psychological Stress
Space Debris
Space Weather
Environmental Impact
name the satellites of the A-TRAIN and their function
Aura: Measures Air quality, scans Earths atmosphere and climate, NASA’s satellite
Parasol: Studies Earth’s atmosphere and cloud and aerosol, mission started 2004, finished in 2013.
Calipso: main mission is to study the clouds and aerosol
Cloudsat: uses radar to study the inner structure of clouds
Aqua: water cycle, NASA, 21 years
OCO: Environmental satellite, 2004, Observes CO2.
what are satellites
Satellites are artificial objects or spacecraft that orbit around celestial bodies, most commonly the Earth.
why we use satellites (3)
- Earth observation: Earth-observing satellites monitor the Earth’s surface, collecting data on weather, climate, natural disasters, land use, and environmental changes.
- Space exploration: Satellites, such as robotic probes and space telescopes, are used to explore and study other celestial bodies in our solar system and beyond.
- Scientific research: Satellites are used for scientific research in fields such as astronomy, space physics, and Earth sciences.
EDWIN HUBBLE
- Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe was expanding.
- Edwin Hubble (an American Astronomer) discovered in 1929 that the universe was expanding at a great rate.
hubble’s law
his led to Hubble’s Law:
Galaxies are moving away from each other. The further away a galaxy is, the faster the galaxy is moving away from us.
singularity definition
The singularity a single point in space that is very very small, very very hot, and very very dense.
TIMELINE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
) First seconds after the big bang, subatomic particles were formed (13.8 billion years ago)
- 2) 380,000 years later electrons and nuclei made atoms
- 3) 300 million years later the stars and galaxies began to form
- 4) 9 billion years later the solar system and earth were form
NAME THE PROCESSES OF THE CYCLES
1) Evaporation: Evaporation is the process of changing water from liquid to a gas. Majority of evaporation takes place in the ocean. As the Sun’s heat energy drives this process to evaporate water from the oceans
2) Condensation: Condensation takes place when a gas changes to a liquid, producing small droplets of water. When the water has been evaporated from the sea, it rises and cools which produces clouds made of tiny droplets. 3) Precipitation or rainfall: As the water droplets in the clouds continue to rise, they become too heavy to be held in a cloud so the water falls back to Earth as either, rain, sleet or snow. 4) Infiltration: This occurs when the rain hits the ground and gets collected soaks through the soil and rocks. This water will build up and form ground water. This water will eventually collect in streams and rivers, which can be transported back to the sea. 5) Transpiration: Plants take up water from the soil through their roots, plants lose this water from their leaves in the form of water vapour, returning water back into the air.
carbon facts (4)
All living things are made up of carbon. Your body is 20% carbon by mass.
Your body is constantly burning compounds of carbon through respiration to keep us alive.
Carbon is the basis of all life
Any substance that contains carbon is called an organic substance
STAGES OF THE CARBON CYCLE (5)
1) Converting atmospheric carbon to plants: Carbon in the form of Carbon Dioxide gas gets taken out of the atmosphere into plants through photosynthesis.
2) Carbon moves from plants to animals: Animals get carbon through eating plants and other animals. 3) Carbon from plants and animals move to the ground: When plants and animals die and decay, they release carbon into the ground. Some may eventually form fossil fuels.
4)Carbon moves from living things into the atmosphere: When plants and animals respire, they release carbon back into the atmosphere.
Carbon moves from fossil fuels back to the atmosphere: When we burn fossil fuels we release carbon back into the atmosphere.
GLOBAL WARMING IS CAUSED BY WHAT TWO FACTORS
The huge increase in burning of carbon stores in Earth, such as fossil fuels
Deforestation, the removal of tress in tropical areas means that there is less plant material available to take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere
What is an acid?
A substance with a pH level of less than 7
A substance that turns blue litmus paper red
What is a base?
A substance with a pH level greater than 7
A substance that turns red litmus paper blue
What is a neutral substance
A substance of pH 7
Example- water
Common acids
Common acids such as citric acid and vinegar have a sour taste
Common bases
Common bases such as toothpaste and washing powder have a soapy feel. Majority of cleaning items are made up of bases
Alkali definition
An alkali is a substance that is soluble in water
Litmus paper (2)
Red litmus paper stay red if acid/neutral- turn blue is base
Blue litmus paper stay blue if base/ neutral- turn red if acid
Universal indicator paper
Universal indicator paper tells us the exact pH of a substance by comparing it to the pH scale
Closer/stronger pH scale
The closer to 7 a substance is the weaker the acid or base is, the further away from 7, the stronger the acid or base is
4 examples of acids (>7)
Battery acid
Stomach acid
Lemon
Soda
4 examples of bases (7+)
Blood
bleach
stomach tablets
egg white
Neutralisation definition
Neutralisation is the reaction that occurs when you mix and acid with a base
Acid+base = salt + water
:)
All acids contain what?
H- hydrogen
All bases contain what?
OH- hydroxide
Hydrochloride Acid
Hydrochloride Acid- HCI
Hydrochloride Acid is i’ll always form metal chloride
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric Acid- H2SO4
Sulfuric Acid will always form a metal sulfate
Nitric Acid
Nitric Acid- HNO3
Nitric Acid will always from a metal nitrate
2 most common lab acids
Sulfuric acid
Hydrochloric acid
2 most common lab bases
Sodium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide
2 facts about sodium hydroxide
Can dissolve in water (alkaline)
Very corrosive
What set up is used to neutralise bases/acids? What does it do?
It is called a titration set up
It evaporates the water away and leaves the salt in the evaporating dish
