๐๐๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ ๐ Flashcards
explain the sea coastline
the sea is constantly shaping the coastline. Waves erode, transport and deposit materials along the coast
explain how the wind is relevant towards the sea
waves are formed by wind, moving across the surface of the sea. The distance of open sea over which the wind blows, is called FETCH. Waves with a fetch are stronger
Explain what happens when the shallow water is reached
When we reach shallow water, the front of the waves melt the sea bed, causing it to break as it moves toward the shore
Explain backwash and swash
When a wave breaks, the water that rushes up the beach is known as the SWASH. The water that runs back down the beach is known as BACKWASH
How much of the earth is water?
70%
What impacts the size of a wave?
Wind impacts the size of the wave.
Explain constructive waves (2)
Waves in which the swash is greater than the backwash
But the backwash is weak and cannot carry the sand and stones away again. So the coastline builds up. Typical on calm days
Explain destructive waves (2)
Waves in which the backwash is greater than the swash. Destructive waves erode material and carry it away
They have a powerful backwash that can drag stones, sand and people back into the water but their swash is weak
Explain all 3 points on the cliff erosion
1) destructive waves crash against the base of the cliff, weakening the rock.
2) a notch is eroded at the base of a cliff over time by the processes of waves erosion. Continued erosion causes the notch to grow
3)the headland hangs overhead until the notch becomes so deep that the overhanging land collapses and falls into the sea
What is transportation referred to?
Transportation refers to the movement of eroded material by the sea
How does transportation work?
The swash and backwash of waves carry material onto and off beaches
What is longshore drift?
Longshore drift is the transportation of material up and down the coast in a zig-zag pattern
Name the 2 steps for longshore drift
1) Waves approach the coast at an angle, due to wind direction, carrying material to the beach.
2) the backwash then carries the material back to sea in a straight line
EXAM ANSWER ON WAVES
Waves approach the coast at an angle because that is the direction the wind is blowing. Material is carried towards the coast at this angle by the swash of a wave and then dragged back out to sea in a straight line by wave backwash. This transportation of material up and down the coast in a zig-zag pattern is known as longshore drift
Explain sea arch
Are formed when a cave continues to be eroded and expanded until it cuts right through a headland
Explain sea stack
A column of rock standing in the sea, remaining after erosion of cliffs
Explain hydraulic action
When the force of the waves erode the coast as they crash against it
Explain abrasion
When eroded material in waves crashed against the coastline
Explain Attrition
When the seas load hits and collides against itself due to ocean currents
Explain solution
When some of the seas load is dissolved by water
Explain the geographical term for compressed air
Created when waves crash against the joints and cracks in the coastline
Explain the (3) landforms of marine deposition
Beach and sand dunes
Sand pit and lagoon
Tombolo spit
Explain the 5 terms of deposition on beach
1) When a constructive wave hits the shore, its strong swash carries small stones and sand up as far as the wave will reach. The wave runs out of energy and deposits its load.
2) itโs weak backwash drags only the smaller, lighter particles back to the sea, leaving the heavier stones higher up the shore.
3) in times of storms, destructive waves will throw much larger boulders and stones to the top of the shore which are left as a storm beach.
4) when the tide is out, the beach sand is dried by the wind and is blown to the back of the beach where it is deposited into sand hills called sand dunes
5) sometimes people plant marram grass to stabilise sand dunes so that they donโt move inland and cover farmland
Bay definition
A large, eroded area that has filled with water, partially surrounded by more resistant rock of the headlands
Headland definition
Land made of hard rock that is more resistant to erosion, which extends out into the sea
Geo definition
a gap in the headland where a blowhole and a cave once existed
Sea arch
a gap that forms when a cave erodes fully through a headland
sea cliff
a high, steep feature made of rock and soil that has been eroded back by the sea
Blowhole
Forms when the roof of a cave is eroded vertically
Wave-cut platform
a sloping floor of rock extending from the shoreline out to sea
sea stack
a piece of rock that stands alone in coastal water
stump
a sea stack that has been worn down by the forces of erosion
Deposition definition
Deposition refers to when the sea drops or deposits itโs load of eroded material along the coast by the swash of waves
this happens most notably in sheltered bays and inlets where the backwash is not strong enough to drag material back out to sea
Managing coastal processes (2+4)
The forces of marine erosion, transport and deposition can cause problems for people living in coastal areas
people have learned to protect the coast from erosion and manage transport and deposition in the following ways:
rock armour
sea walls
gabions
groynes
Rock armour (4)
Rock armour refers to large rocks and boulders that are placed along the coastline to protect against erosion
This armour if often places at the back of a beach
the type of rock used for rock armour is a hard and heavy rock that is resistant to erosion, for example granite
when waves crash against rock armour, they lose energy due to friction
Sea walls (4)
sea walls are large concrete defence structures built at the back of beaches that experience high level of sea erosion
sea walls are usually built at an angle and may have a curved top to help turn waves back in to see
Sea walls are put in place to prevent erosion by absorbing the strength of crashing waves against the coast
they can also prevent flooding
Gaboonโs (4)
Gabions are welded wire or mesh cages filled with rocks resistant to erosion
gabions are often stacked on top of one another at the back of the beach
Gabions break the power of a crashing waves and lower the speed of erosion
many people prefer gabions and rock armour to the construction of a sea wall because they fit in better with the local environment
Groynes
Groynes are wooden or concrete barriers that run along the beach from backshore to forshore
these barriers are place at 90ยฐ to the sea, and their purpose is to disrupt longshore drift and prevent the transportation of material along the beach.
This prevents a buildup of sand at one end of the beach.
Headland
A headland is an area of hard rock jutting out into the sea
formation for bays and headlands
The coastline is made up of hard rock and soft rock as waves crashed against the coastline, soft rock such is lime stone is eroded more quickly on the other hand hard rock, such as basalt is eroded more slowly.
Name 3 Key reasons why population has increased
Improved nutrition- access to better nutrition and a more diverse diet has improved overall health and contributed to increased life expectancy
Falling death rates- advances in e medical science and healthcare infrastructure have resulted in lower death rates.
Urbanisation- as more people moved to urban areas of larger families.
NAME ALL STAGES OF POPULATION
stage 1- high fluctuating stage
stage 2- early expanding stage
stage 3- late expanding stage
stage 4- low fluctuating stage
stage 5- senile stage
Explain stage 1 (3)
High birth rate, high death rate
in this stage, both birth rate and death rate are very high
people in this country is usually have large families because many children might of survived adulthood due to diseases, lack of healthcare and other reasons.
This stage is often seen in very poor or pre-industrial societies.
Explain stage -2 (3)
High birth rate- falling death rate
in the stage, the birth rate remains high, but the death rate starts to decline.
advances in healthcare, better food and clean water. Lead to more people surviving to adulthood.
As a result the population starts to grow rapidly because my babies are being born and few people are dying
explain stage 3 (3)
Falling birth rate, falling death rate
in the stage, the birth rate begins to decline as people start having fewer children
This decrease in birthrate can be because families want fewer children due to changing social norms, more access to family planning and a desire for better education and living standards for the children,
the death rate continues to remain low or decreases slightly. The population still grows, but not as fast as in the stage two
stage 4 (2)
Low birth rate low death rate
in the stage, both birth rate and death rate are low
Families tend to have fewer children often just one or two and they usually plan went to have them.
Often associated with more development and prosperous society is population growth is slow and the population tends to stabilise or even decline in some cases
Stage 5 (2)
Ultra-low birth rate, low death rate
some countries may enter a fifth stage where the birth rate becomes extremely low, and the population starts to decline over time.
this can happen when there are very few young people compared to the elderly leading to challenges in supporting an aging population
The 4 bullet points of an expanding population pyramid (thick at bottom and thin at top)
High birth rate
Natural increase
Low life expectancy
developing countries eg. tanzania
The 4 bullet points for stationary pyramid (even with a little more middle aged)
low birth rate
no natural change
high life expectancy
developed countries eg.ireland
The 4 bullet points for contracting population pyramid (even but low birth rate)
very low birth rate
natural decrease
high life expectancy
developed countries eg.japan
Name 4 most populated countries in the world
Macau
Singapore
Maldives
Malta
4 least populated countries
australia
libya
canada
iceland
Definition for tertiary economic activity
tertiary economic activity involves providing services and facilities to people. The tertiary sector is also known as the service sector
What are examples of tertiary services?
SHAHR
Schools and colleges
Hospitals
Airports
Hotels
Resteraunts
TOURISM: A service industry explanation
Tourism is a very important tertiary economic activity because it contributes valuable income to the economy. Tourist service and facilities tend to be located in particular regions which offer various attractions
Examples of travel destination attractions (why they would put factories in that region) (5)
Areas of natural beauty
Beaches and coastlines
Regions offering recreational and sporting facilities
Cities
INCOME definition
If you have more money, you will be more likely to travel. Because you have the means to do so
LEISURE TIME definition
If you have more leisure time (working less), you have more time to travel
TRAVEL definition
It is much cheaper now to travel in the air than it was years ago, therefore there are more people travelling on planes to get to destinations.
PACKAGE HOLIDAYS definition
Companies have specialised in creating budget package holidays making the trip more affordable
GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT definition
tourism creates job opportunities therefore it is good for the economy. The government want the economy to do well so they invest money into tourism to encourage more people to come to their country
IMPROVED KNOWLEDGE AND MARKETING definition
More & more people are aware of tourist destinations and attractions in other countries thanks to instagram, pinterest, google etc. This has prompted travel
EU MEMBERSHIP definition
Thanks to EU membership, people from the EU do not need visas, to travel to other EU countries. Making it a lot easier to travel
What is Fรกilte Ireland?
Is a government agency that promotes ireland as a must-see tourist destination irelands most attractive features include:
Beachโs & coastlines
Areas of natural beauty
sporting and recreational facilities
5 examples of site factors
Altitude
Aspect drainage
slope
shelter
5 examples of a reason why a settlement can be influenced
Nodal points
Bridging points
coastal
relief
defence
