生理 腎臟 Flashcards

1
Q

腎皮質(renal cortex)富含 5

A
  • 腎絲球(glomeruli)
  • 鮑氏囊(bowman capsule)
  • 管周微血管(peritubular capillaries)
  • 近曲小管 (proximal convoluted tubule)
  • 遠曲小管 (distal convoluted tubule)

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2
Q

腎小體(renal corpuscle)由什麼來組成?2

A
  • 腎絲球(glomeruli)
  • 鮑氏囊(bowman capsule)

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3
Q

腎小體(renal corpuscle)的功能

A

過濾作用

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4
Q

腎血流…%在腎小體流動

A

90

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5
Q

腎臟的再吸收、分泌作用由哪3條管?

A
  • 管周微血管(peritubular capillaries)
  • 近曲小管 (proximal convoluted tubule)
  • 遠區小管(distal convoluted tubule)

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6
Q

腎髓質(renal mendulla)富含 3

A
  • 直血管(vasa recta)
  • 亨利氏環(loop of henle)
  • 集尿管(ureter)

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7
Q

濃縮尿液的逆流機制由哪3條?

A
  • 直血管(vasa recta)
  • 亨利氏環(loop of henle)
  • 集尿管(ureter)

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8
Q

血漿在進入腎絲球曩內部之前,須先通過可充當選擇性過濾器的3層。哪3層?

A
  1. 微血管的窗孔
  2. 腎絲球基底膜(glomerular basement membrane)
  3. 足細胞(podocytes)

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窗孔(capillary fenestrae)

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9
Q

進入腎絲球曩的液體稱為

A

過濾液(filtrate)/超過濾液(ultrafiltrate)

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10
Q

促進過濾的總壓力稱為

A

淨過濾壓(net filtration pressure)

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11
Q

淨過濾壓僅有…mmHg

A

10

629

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12
Q

腎絲球過濾率(ml/min)

A

115~125ml/min

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13
Q

腎小管再吸收誰?2

A
  • Na+

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14
Q

85%濾液被穩定。哪2條來過濾?各幾%?

A
  • 近曲小管:65%
  • 亨利氏下降支:20%

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15
Q

Na+,Cl-,H2O。三個如何被回收?

A
  • Na+:主動運輸
  • Cl-,H2O:被動運輸

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16
Q

亨利氏環可細分哪2條管?

A
  • 下降枝(descending limb)
  • 上降枝(ascending limb)

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17
Q

腎小管各段及集尿管之運輸特性

Na+的運輸由什麼管來運輸?3

A
  • 近曲小管
  • 上升枝粗段
  • 遠曲小管

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18
Q

腎小管各段及集尿管之運輸特性

集尿管有運輸那些物質?2

A
  • 尿素

636

有抗利尿激素才有運輸水

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19
Q

遠曲小管有什麼激素來控?

A

醛固酮(aldosterone)

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20
Q

集尿管有什麼激素來控?

A

抗利尿激素(ADH)

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21
Q

亨利氏環上行支粗段:主動在吸收…,對…不通透

A

Na+/水

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22
Q

15%濾液,靠什麼來回收?2

A
  • 激素調節
  • 滲透壓作用

632

23
Q

逆流放大機制(countercurrent multiplication)

亨利氏環下降支對水和鹽類的通透性

A
  • 水:可通
  • 鹽類:不通

633

24
Q

逆流放大機制(countercurrent multiplication)

亨利氏環上降支對水和鹽類的通透性

A
  • 水:不通
  • 鹽類:主動吸收Na+

633

25
Q

逆流放大機制(countercurrent multiplication)進行時,髓質組織間液變…

A

高漲

633

26
Q

逆流放大機制(countercurrent multiplication)是為了?

A

提供集尿管再吸收水的驅動力

634

27
Q

尿素(urea)有助於

A

髓質深部高張性

635

28
Q

滲透壓接受器位於

A

下視丘

637

29
Q

尿量由誰來調節?

A

後段腎小節

637

30
Q

誰調節遠曲小管的Na+再吸收,K+的分泌?

A

醛固酮(aldosterone)

646

31
Q

醛固酮(aldosterone)作用在什麼管?2

A
  • 遠曲小管
  • 皮質集尿管

646

32
Q

K+分泌至…排出

A

濾液

646

增加過濾流量亦可造成K+分泌

33
Q

心房鈉尿肽(ANP)作用在

A

腎小管

646

34
Q

心房鈉尿肽(ANP)可以增加哪2個物質的排出?

A
  • Na+

646

與醛固酮(aldosterone)的作用相反

35
Q

控制醛固酮(aldosterone)的分泌是什麼系統?

A

腎素-血管收縮素-醛固酮系統(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system/RAA)

647

36
Q

近腎絲球細胞(JG cell)位於

近腎絲球器(juxtaglomerular apparatus/JG)

A

入小動脈之顆粒狀

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36
Q

近腎絲球細胞為…受器

A

壓力

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37
Q

什麼素來活化RAA系統?

A

腎素(renin)

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38
Q

緻密斑(macula densa)位於

A

亨利氏環上行支末端

647

39
Q

緻密斑(macula densa)為…受器

A

化學

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40
Q

腎臟的pH值有什麼管來調節?

A

近曲小管

650

41
Q

血漿中的…/…需維持穩定比例

A

H+/K+

650

42
Q

酸中毒(acidosis)對血液有什麼變化?2

A
  • 血中H+增加
  • 血中K+上升

650

43
Q

鹼中毒(alkalosis)對血液有什麼變化?2

A
  • 血中H+減少
  • 血中K+降低

650

44
Q

腎小管對H+的分泌作用(管/物質)

近曲小管 3

A

Na+,HCO3-在吸收,H+分泌

650

45
Q

腎小管對H+的分泌作用(管/物質)

遠曲小管 3

A

Na+再吸收,K+,H+分泌

650

46
Q

催化二氧化碳/水與碳酸間轉換的酵素。酵素的名稱叫做?

A

碳酸酐酶(carbonic anhydrase)

650

47
Q

腎臟的H+緩衝系統有3個化學物

A
  • 碳酸氫鹽 HCO3-
  • 氨 NH3
  • HPO4 2-

651

48
Q

腎清除率如何算?

A

(V X U) /P

641

V=尿液形成速率
U=物質在尿中濃度
P=物質在血液中濃度

49
Q

影響清除率的因素 3(腎小管)

A
  • 過濾
  • 再吸收
  • 分泌

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