日常口译笔记及积累 Flashcards
1
Q
- 全球事务
2. 外交合作
A
p27
p34
2
Q
我热烈庆祝阁下当选第59届联合国大会主席
A
I would like to offer my warm congratulatins on your election as the president of the 59th Session of the United Nations General Assembly,
3
Q
联合国大会
A
the United Nations General Assembly
4
Q
仍然是时代的主题
A
remain the dominant theme of the times
5
Q
世界多极化和经济全球化趋势在曲折中发展
A
multi-polarization and economic globalization are moving forward in twists and turns
6
Q
世界多极化
A
multi-polarization
7
Q
经济全球化
A
economic globalization
8
Q
在曲折中发展
A
moving forward in twists and turns
9
Q
科技进步日新月异
A
science and technology are advancing at dizzying speed
10
Q
dizzying
/’dɪzɪɪŋ/
adj. 令人昏乱的；极快的；灿烂的
A
at dizzying speed以极快的速度
11
Q
增长
A
increase
be on the rise
12
Q
progressive /prə’ɡrɛsɪv/
adj. 进步的；先进的
n. 改革论者；进步分子
A
human society is moving in a bright ,progressive and positive direction
人类社会发展的方向是光明的、进步的、前进的
13
Q
N
A
多边，多级
14
Q
多边主义
A
multilateralism
15
Q
联合国宪章
A
UN charter
/’tʃɑrtɚ/
vt. 特许；包租；发给特许执照
n. 宪章；执照；特许状
16
Q
热点问题
A
hotspot issues
17
Q
大规模杀伤性武器
A
WMD—weapons of mass destruction
18
Q
毒品走私
A
drug trafficking
19
Q
跨国犯罪
A
transnational crimes
20
Q
非法移民
A
illegal immigration
21
Q
跨国问题
A
cross-boundary problems
22
Q
intertwine相互交织
A
/‚ɪntə’twaɪn/
1.if two situations, ideas etc are intertwined, they are closely related to each other
（使）〔局势、观点等〕紧密相关
be closely/inextricably intertwined
•The problems of crime and unemployment are closely intertwined. 犯罪问题与失业问题密切相关。
2.if two things intertwine, or if they are intertwined, they are twisted together（
使）缠绕；（使）交织在一起
[+ with]
•a necklace of rubies intertwined with pearls 缠着珍珠的红宝石项链
23
Q
menacing
A
/'menɪsɪŋ,'menəsɪŋ/ making you expect something unpleasant 威胁的，不祥的，凶兆的 SYN threatening THESAURUS frightening •dark menacing clouds 可怕的乌云 •a low menacing laugh 带威胁的低声一笑 •His tone grew more menacing. 他的语气越来越可怕。
24
Q
ragin激烈的，没完没了的
A
/’reɪdʒɪŋ/
1.very great and hard to control
强烈的
•a raging appetite 极强的食欲
•I was in a raging temper. 我非常愤怒。
2.continuing strongly and showing no signs of ending
激烈的；没完没了的
•a raging debate 激烈的辩论
•raging inflation 不断加剧的通货膨胀
•The show was a raging success. 这个节目获得了巨大的成功。
3.a raging headache etc is very painful
〔头痛等〕剧烈的
•Richard developed a raging headache and had to lie down. 理查德头痛得厉害，不得不躺下。
•a raging fever (= a very high body temperature ) 高烧
25
热点问题此起彼伏
hotspot issues keep cropping up
26
恐怖主义活动猖獗
terrorist activities are raging
27
层出不穷
erupt one after another
28
大规模杀伤性武器扩散
proliferation of weapons of mass destructon
29
共同努力
join hands in
30
适应经济全球化发展要求
meet the need of growing economic globalization
31
符合各国共同利益
serve the common interest of all countries
32
公正合理的国际经济新秩序
just ang equitable new international economic order
33
MDG千年发展目标
the Millennium Development Goals
34
我们共同的庄严承诺
our collective solemn pledges
pledge /pledʒ/
1.PROMISE 保证,诺言
formal a serious promise or agree-ment, especially one made publicly or officially
〔尤指公开或正式作出的〕誓言，誓约；保证
[+ of]
•a pledge of support for the plan 支持该计划的誓约
pledge to do sth
•the government’s pledge to make no deals with terrorists 政府不向恐怖分子妥协的保证
make/take/give a pledge
•Parents make a pledge to take their children to rehearsals. 家长作了保证答应带孩子去参加排练。
keep/fulfil/honour a pledge
•Eisenhower fulfilled his election pledge to end the war. 艾森豪威尔结束了战争，履行了他的竞选承诺。
35
成员国
member states
36
如期实现这一重要目标
achieve these important goals as schduled
37
进一步调动资源
further moblize resources
38
倡导多边主义
champion multilateralism
39
国际多边机制的核心
the centre of internatinal multilateral mechanisms
40
实践多边主义的重要舞台
the key platform for making multilateralism work
41
mechanism
/'mɛkənɪzəmz/
| n. 机制；[机] 机构
42
champion
to publicly fight for and defend an aim or principle, such as the rights of a group of people
捍卫，维护
•
She championed the cause of religious freedom. 她捍卫宗教自由事业。
43
坚持...的宗旨和原则
adhere to the purposes and principles of ....
44
联合国宪章
UN charter
45
采取集体行动
take collective actions
46
维护其权威
safeguard its authority
47
加强联合国的作用
strengthen the role of the UN
48
imperative
/ɪm'perətɪv/
1.extremely important and needing to be done or dealt with immediately紧急的，极重要的
•It is imperative that politicians should be good communicators. 政治家应该是很好的沟通者，这很重要。
it is imperative (for sb) to do sth
•It is imperative to meet face to face with the client. 必须面对面接触客户。
2.technical an imperative verb is one that expresses an order, such as ‘stand up’
〔动词〕祈使的
DERIVATIVE 派生词imperatively adv
49
indispensable
/‚ɪndɪ'spensəbəl◂/
someone or something that is indispensable is so important or useful that it is impossible to manage without them必需的，不可或缺的
SYN essential
THESAURUS useful
•Mobile phones have become an indispensable part of our lives. 移动电话已经成为我们生活中的必需品。
[+ to]
•This book is indispensable to anyone interested in space exploration. 本书是任何对太空探险感兴趣的人必读的。
indispensable for/in (doing) sth
•Meat is not indispensable for maintaining a healthy diet. 要想健康饮食，肉食并不是不可或缺的。
50
恪守对.....的承诺
honor their commitment to....
51
履行自己的国际使命和国际义务
fulfill their international responsibilities and obligations
52
aspiration
英 /ˌæspɪˈreɪʃ ə n,ˌæspəˈreɪʃ ə n/
1.[C usually plural , U,一般用复数] a strong desire to have or achieve something强烈愿望；志向，抱负
SYN ambition
•a high level of political aspiration 崇高的政治抱负
[+ of]
•the aspirations of the working classes 工人阶级的抱负
[+ for]
•their hopes and aspirations for the future 他们对未来的期望和抱负
2.[U] technical the sound of air blowing out that happens when some consonant s are pronounced, such as the /p/ in ‘pin’
送气音〔如pin一词中p的发音〕
53
in favor of
有利于；支持；赞同
54
give priority to
优先考虑；认为优先
55
联合国安理会SC
Security Council
56
做出不懈努力
make unremitting efforts to
/,ʌnrɪ'mɪtɪŋ/
adj. 不懈的；不间断的；坚忍的
57
work hand in hand with
一起
58
国际多边舞台
international multilateral arena
/ə'rinə/
n. 舞台；竞技场
59
trend
/trend/
1.a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing趋势，趋向，倾向，动向
•The current trend is towards more part-time employment. 当前的趋势是雇用更多的兼职人员。
•the general trend towards the centralization of political power 政治权力集中化的普遍趋势
•A disturbing trend is that victims of violence are getting younger. 一个令人担心的趋势是，暴力行为的受害者越来越年轻。
•The growing trend is for single mothers to bring up children by themselves. 单身母亲独自抚养孩子的趋势在上升。
•Even so, the underlying trend is positive. 尽管如此，基本趋势仍是乐观的。
•national and international economic trends 国内和国际的经济趋势
•the downward trend in the price of gold 黄金价格的下滑势头
•Successive presidents have tried to reverse this trend , but without success. 连续几任总统都试图扭转这一趋势，但均未成功。
[+ towards]
•Lately there has been a trend towards hiring younger, cheaper employees. 近来的趋势是雇用较年轻、薪酬较低的雇员。
[+ in]
•recent trends in education 教育的最新动向
2.set the trend
to start doing something that other people copy
开创潮流
•Larger corporations are setting the trend for better maternity benefits. 较大的公司在开创新风，提供更好的生育福利。
3.on trend
fashionable – used especially in magazines
流行的〔尤用于杂志中〕
•This striped dress is bang on trend. 此款条纹连衣裙正流行。
60
IPR
intellectual Property Right
61
thriving
```
/'θraɪvɪŋ/
a thriving company, business etc is very successful
欣欣向荣的，兴旺发达的
SYN flourishing
THESAURUS successful
•a thriving tourist industry 欣欣向荣的旅游业
```
62
robust
/rə'bʌst, 'rəʊbʌst/
1.a robust person is strong and healthy
强健的，健壮的
THESAURUS healthy
•a robust man of six feet four 一个身高六英尺四英寸的壮汉
2.a robust system, organization etc is strong and not likely to have problems〔系统、组织等〕强大的，稳固的
•The formerly robust economy has begun to weaken. 原本强劲的经济开始疲软。
3.a robust object is strong and not likely to break
〔东西〕结实的，坚固的
SYN sturdy
THESAURUS strong
•a robust metal cabinet 结实的金属柜
63
megalopolis
/,mɛgə'lɑpəlɪs/
| n. 特大都市；人口稠密地带
64
中国独立自主的和平外交政策
China's independent foreign policy of peace
65
完整的外交路线和独特的外交方式
a complete line guliding foreign affairs and a unique diplomatic style
66
维护中国主权
safeguard China's sovereignty
sove‧reign‧ty /'sɒvrɪnti,'sɒvrənti,ˋsɑvrɪntɪ/ n. [U ]
/'sɒvrɪnti,'sɒvrənti/
1.complete freedom and power to govern
主权，最高统治权，最高权威
•the sovereignty of Parliament 议会至高无上的权威
[+ over]
•Spain’s claim of sovereignty over the territory 西班牙对块领地的主权要求
2.the power that an independent country has to govern itself〔国家的〕主权，独立主权
•the defence of our national sovereignty 保卫我国的独立主权
67
反对霸权主义
```
oppose hegemonies
he‧gem‧o‧ny /'hedʒəməni/
formal
a situation in which one state or country controls others
〔一国对他国的〕霸权，支配权
```
68
为促进人类的进步做出了应有的贡献
make due contributions to the promotion of human progress
due 1 /djuː,du/ adj. S1 W1
/djuː/ 应给的
1.EXPECTED 预期的
[not before noun,不用于名词前] expected to happen or arrive at a particular time预定的，预期发生[到达]的
→ due date
due to do sth
•The team are due to fly to Italy next month. 该球队预定下个月飞往意大利。
•His new book is due to be published next year. 他的新书预计明年出版。
[+ in/on/at]
•She’s pregnant and the baby’s due in April. 她怀孕了，预产期是在4月份。
•The final results of the experiment are due on December 9. 实验的最终结果预计在12月9日出来。
•I’m due at his office at 4.30. 我要在4点半到他的办公室。
[+ for]
•The car is due for its annual service again. 这辆汽车又该做年度保养了。
[+ back]
•When are the library books due back? 图书馆的书什么时候该还？
2.OWED 欠下
owed to someone either as a debt or because they have a right to it欠下的，应给的
•Any money due you will be sent by cheque through the post. 应该支付给你的款项将会以支票邮寄给你。
[+ to]
•Thanks are due to all those who took part. 向全体参加者致谢。
3.MONEY 钱
if an amount of money is due, it must be paid at a particular time应付的，到期的
•The next income tax payment is due on 31 January. 下一次的所得税支付期限是1月31日。
→ duly → due to
69
逐渐成形
have gradually taken shape
70
以合作促和平,以和平谋发展
strive to win peace and development through cooperation
71
促进国际关系民主化，发展模式多样化，世界文化多样性
promote democracy in international relations, diversity in mode of development and richness in world's civilizations
72
倡导新安全观
advocate a new security concept
73
恪守和平共处五项原则
adhere to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
74
坚定维护国家主权和领土完整
China will unswervingly safeguard its sovereignty and territorial integrity
75
不允许外国势力干涉中国内政
China will unswervingly brook no interference in its internal affairs by foreign forces
76
维护世界和平
safeguard world peace
77
以平等互利为基础
on the basis of equality and mutual benefit
78
持久的经济和平和全球经济繁荣
sustained world peace and persistent global economic prosperity
79
一贯奉行谋求世界和平政策
in persistent pursuit of a world peace policy
80
举行会谈
hold talks with
81
共同关心的国际问题
international issues of common interests
82
互访
the exchange of visits
83
同周边国家的睦邻友好关系
good -neighborly relations with surrounding countries
84
高层往来
high-level contact
85
积极参与国际事务
actively participate in international affairs
86
在和平解决国际争端、推动全球和区域性经济合作方面发挥重要作用
play an important role in the peaceful settlement of international disputes and in the promotion of regional and global economic cooperation
87
和平解决国际争端
peaceful settlement of international disputes
88
发挥重要作用
play an important role in
89
双边关系
bilateral relations
90
和平共处五项原则
the Five Principle of Peaceful Coexistence
91
其他公认的国际关系准则
other universally rcognized norms governing international relations
92
致力于和平与发展的崇高事业
devote to the lofty cause of peace and development
93
做出不懈努力
make unremitting efforts
/,ʌnrɪ'mɪtɪŋ/
adj. 不懈的；不间断的；坚忍的
94
发挥建设性的作用
play a constructive role in
95
裁军
| 军控
disarmament
| arms control
96
多边领域
multilateral fields
97
维护联合国宪章的宗旨和原则
safeguard the purposes and principles of the UN charter
98
共识
consensus
99
成为障碍
be an obstacle to sth.
100
构成威胁
become a threat to sth.
101
符合共同利益
serve the common interest of ....
102
认真执行....的方针和政策
conscientiously carry out the priciple of... and the policy of ....
103
与邻为善，以邻为伴
treat neighbors with goodwill and coexist with neighbors as partner
104
睦邻、安邻、富邻的政策
bringing harmony,security and prosperity to neighbors
105
朝核问题（朝鲜半岛核问题）
the nuclaer issues of Korean peninsula
106
妥善处理周边敏感问题
properly handle peripheral, sensitive problems
107
全面推进同广大亚洲邻国的互利合作
comprehensively carry forward mutually beneficial cooperation
108
下届亚太经合组织秘书处的执行主席
the incoming Executive Director of the APEC Secretariat
| n. 秘书处；书记处；秘书（书记，部长等）之职
109
在本次重要活动的开幕式上发表贺词
deliver a congratulatory message at the opening of this important event
110
国际圆桌会议
International Roundtable
111
教育部
the Ministry of Education
112
世界经济论坛
the World Economic Forume
113
民间组织
private sector
114
联合国秘书长
Secretary-General of the United Nations
115
in pursuance of
根据，按照；履行，执行
116
conducive
/kən'dusɪv/
adj. 有益的；有助于…的
be conducive to sth
formal if a situation is conducive to something such as work, rest etc, it provides conditions that make it easy for you to work etc
有助于某事，有益于某事
•an environment conducive to learning 有助于学习的环境
117
共同繁荣
common prosperity
118
initiate
/ɪ'nɪʃɪet/
vt. 开始，创始；发起；使初步了解
n. 开始；新加入者，接受初步知识者
adj. 新加入的；接受初步知识的
v. sogou.comformal to arrange for something important to start, such as an official process or a new plan
开始实施，发起〔重要的事，如正式的程序或新计划〕
•They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper. 他们决定向该报提起法律诉讼。
•Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism. 知识分子就恐怖主义发起了辩论。
2.to tell someone about something or show them how to do something使认识；向〔某人〕传授〔技巧〕
initiate sb into sth
•
Those kids were initiated into heroin use at a young age. 那些孩子很小就被教会如何吸食海洛因。
3.
to introduce someone into an organization, club, group etc, usually with a special ceremony
〔通过特殊仪式〕使〔某人〕加入〔组织、俱乐部、团体等〕
initiate sb into sth
•
At the age of thirteen, the boys in the tribe are initiated into manhood. 部落里的男孩到13岁就经由成人礼而步入成人之列。
119
initiative
/ɪ'nɪʃətɪv/
n. 主动权；首创精神；新方案；倡议
adj. 主动的；自发的；起始的
1.DECISIONS 决定
[U] the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do
自主决断的能力；主动性
•I wish my son would show more initiative. 我希望我的儿子能表现得再主动一些。
•Don’t keep asking me for advice. Use your initiative. 别老是要我给你出主意，发挥一下你自己的决断能力吧。
•Lt. Carlos was not obeying orders. He acted on his own initiative (= he was not told what to do ). 卡洛斯中尉没有服从命令，而是自作主张。
2.PLAN 计划
[C] an important new plan or process to achieve a particular aim or to solve a particular problem
计划；措施
THESAURUS plan
•a government initiative to help exporters 扶助出口商的政府计划
•an education initiative 一项教育计划
[+ for]
•a new initiative for peace in the Middle East 中东和平新方案
3.the initiative
CONTROL 控制
if you have or take the initiative, you are in a position to control a situation and decide what to do next
主动权
•Why don’t you take the initiative and ask him out? 为什么你不主动约他出去呢？
•Politicians need to seize the initiative from the terrorists. 政治家需要对恐怖分子主动出击。
•The government must not lose the initiative in the fight against terrorism. 政府在打击恐怖主义方面不能失去主动权。
120
公平的全球市场
fair global market
121
private sector
私营部门；私营成分
122
compact
/'kɑmpækt/
n. 合同，契约；小粉盒
adj. 紧凑的，紧密的；简洁的
vt. 使简洁；使紧密结合
123
global compact
全球协定
124
致富机会
a chance of prosperity
125
研讨会
symposium
126
开展紧密合作
work closely with
127
数码革命
digital revolution
128
全球信息传播系统
the system of information forwarding and transmission
129
朝着....方向发展
tend the direction towards...
130
数码技术
digital technology
131
信息传播途径
means of information transmission
132
在讨论过程之中
in the couse of discussion
133
in the course of
在...过程之中
134
求稳定、谋合作、促发展
maintain stabilty,seek development,promote cooperation
135
共同愿望
common aspiration
136
世界多极化和经济全球化趋势 的不断深入
the deepening of multi-polarization and economic globalization
137
科技发展的日新月异
the rapid development of science and technology
138
带来深刻影响
exert a profound impact on
exert /ɪɡ'zɝt/
vt. 运用，发挥；施以影响
139
为人类进步提供了新的动力
provide a new impetus for human progress
140
人类进步
human progress
141
impetus
'ɪmpɪtəs/
| n. 动力；促进；冲力
142
促进了生产力的发展
help expand productive force
143
新趋势
new trend
144
世界联系更加紧密
forge closer global ties
145
渴望发展
long for development
146
论坛
forum
147
表达了对于发展前景的关注
show the great concern over the prospects of development
148
在经济全球化趋势深入发展的条件下
with surging economic globalization
149
成为世界经济发展的新的推动力量
become a new growth engine for the world economic development
150
经济互利合作
continued mutually-beneficial economic cooperation
151
相互依存的加深
rising interdependence among the world's countries
152
usher in
引领，引进
153
usher
n. 引座员，带位员；接待员；门房
vt. 引导，招待；迎接；开辟
vi. 作招待员；当引座员
n. (Usher)人名；(英)厄舍；(西、科特)乌谢尔
[网络] 亚瑟小子；引宾员；引座员
154
usher in
领进，引进
.
"I believe we need to usher in a new era of responsibility," Obama added.
奥巴马说：“我相信我们需要迎接一个负责任的新纪元。
155
肩负...的历史责任
| 肩负...的重要责任
bear a historic responsibility for doing ....
| shoudler the important responsibilty of.....
156
保持社会稳定
safeguard social stability
157
推进民主法治建设
promote the development of democracy and legal system
158
营造良好的发展环境
create an environment beneficial for development
159
迈向现代化
progress toward modernization
160
不断适应时代发展的要求
constantly adjust to the requirements of the development of the times
161
通过大力加强政府的自身建设推动高效、廉洁政府的建设
promote the establishment of a clean and efficient government through vigorous measures of government building
162
有效整合国家内部各种关系
effectively integrate all the country's internal relationships
163
加强关系
strengthen ties with.....
164
政党
political parties
165
市民社会
civil society
166
亚太地区
Asia-Pacific region
167
引发
trigger /'trɪɡɚ/
vt. 引发，引起；触发
vi. 松开扳柄
n. 扳机；[电子] 触发器；制滑机
168
意味着
imply
/ɪm'plai/
vt. 意味；暗示；隐含
169
技术创新
technological innovation
170
扩大
a wider range of
171
entrepreneur
/ˌɑntrəprəˈnɝ/
| n. 企业家；承包人；主办者
172
群策群力
pool their wisdom and efforts
173
entrepreneur
/ˌɑntrəprəˈnɝ/
| n. 企业家；承包人；主办者
174
modality
/mo'dæləti/
| n. 形式，形态；程序；物理疗法；主要的感觉
175
rejuvenate
/rɪ'dʒuvənet/
vt. 使年轻；使更新；使恢复精神；使复原
vi. 复原；变年轻
176
发展关系
develop ties
177
大国
big powers
178
战略协作伙伴关系
strategic cooperative partnership
179
全面战略伙伴关系
comprehensive strategic partnership
180
取得长足发展
have achieved significant development
181
推进
push forward
182
平等互信、合作共赢的睦邻友好合作
good-neighborly and friendly cooperation featuring equality and mutual trust,and cooperation and a win-win effect
183
稳定和发展与大国的关系
stabilize and develop ties with developed countries
184
tie
n.
1.MEN’S CLOTHES 男装
a long narrow piece of cloth tied in a knot around the neck, worn by men领带
→ black-tie → bow tie
•I wear a shirt and tie at work. 我上班穿衬衫打领带。
2.CONNECTION/RELATIONSHIP 联系/关系
[usually plural,一般用复数] a strong relationship between people, groups, or countries
〔人、团体或国家之间的〕关系，联系
→ old school tie
close/strong ties
•the importance of strong family ties 家庭关系密切的重要性
[+ between/with]
•close ties between the two countries 两国间的密切关系
economic/diplomatic/personal etc ties
•Japan’s strong economic ties with the US 日本和美国之间牢固的经济关系
the ties of marriage/friendship/love etc 婚姻/友谊/爱等的纽带
3.RESULT 结果
[usually singular,一般用单数] the result of a game, competition, or election when two or more people or teams get the same number of points, votes etc
〔比赛、竞赛或选举中〕分数相同，票数相同，平局，平手
SYN draw BrE 【英】
•The match ended in a tie. 这场比赛以平局告终。
185
深化和加强与发展中国家的团结合作
deepen and strengthen unity and cooperation with other developing countries
186
不断提高应对国际局势变化和处理国际事务的能力
continuously heighten our abilities to cope with change in international situation and to handle international affairs
187
更好地为全面建成小康社会和实现祖国统一大业服务
render better service for building a relatively prosperous society in an all-round way and for realizing the great cause of the reunification of the motherland
188
中国的崛起
China's rise
189
妨碍
| 威胁
stand in the way
| pose a threat to
190
称霸
```
seek hegemony
/hɪ'dʒɛmoni/
formal
a situation in which one state or country controls others
〔一国对他国的〕霸权，支配权
```
191
社会制度
social system
192
超越意识形态差别
transcend ideological differences
transcend /træn'send/
formal
to go beyond the usual limits of something
超越，超过，超出
•The desire for peace transcended political differences. 对和平的渴望超越了政治分歧。
i‧de‧o‧lo‧gic‧al ‚aɪdiə'lɒdʒɪkəl◂/
based on strong beliefs or ideas, especially political or economic ideas思想上的；思想体系的；意识形态的〔尤指政治或经济思想〕
•The party is split by ideological differences. 意识形态上的差异造成该政党分裂。
193
共同的发展
enjoy common development
194
在和平共处五项原则上
on the basis of the Five principles Peaceful Coexistence
195
只要以各国人民的根本利益为重
provided that they set store by their people's fundamental interests
196
set store by
set store by
| 尊重，重视
197
provided that
如果；条件是；倘若
198
given that
只要是，考虑到；假定，已知
199
把独立自主当作立国之本
regard independence as he foundation on which to build the country
200
在五千多年的不懈奋斗中创造了灿烂的中华文明
create a splendid Chinese civilization by making unremitting endeavor over 5000 years
201
在近代反抗外来侵略、实现民族解放的斗争中自立自强,最终掌握了自己的命运
we grew stronger by relying on our own efforts in the struggle to resist foreign aggression and gain national liberation in modern times and finally became master of our own destiny
202
中国人民坚持走自己的路，进行经济、政治、文化建设，并把我们的国家建设成为一个初步繁荣昌盛的社会主义国家
We have preserved in taking our own road and engaging in the economic,political and cultural undertakings and turning our motherland into a socialist country with initial prosperity.
203
undertaking
n. 事业（undertaking的复数形式）；担保，保证；承诺
204
initial prosperity
初步繁荣昌盛初步繁荣
205
我们将坚定不移地沿着这条强国之路走下去
we will continue unswervingly our journey along this road to a strong and prosperous China
206
unswervingly
/,ʌn'swə:viŋli/
| adv. 坚定不移地
207
积极吸收和借鉴世界一切先进的文明成果
we have earnestly absorbed and drawn upon the fruits of advanced world civilization
208
独立自主、自力更生同学习外国、吸取世界文明的成果是相互结合。相辅相成的
independence and self-reliance should not rule out learning from other countries and drawing upon the fruits of world civilization.
209
在世纪之交
at the turn of the century
210
长远的战略目光
a long- range strategic perspective
211
审视和处理双方关系
approch and handle our bilateral relations
212
面向21世纪
orient toward the 21st century
213
崇高事业
lofty cause
214
根本利益
fundamental interest
215
in conformity with
与…相符，符合；遵照；和…相适应
216
facilitate
/fə'sɪlə'tet/
| vt. 促进；帮助；使容易
217
实行
carry out
| vt. 执行，实行；贯彻；实现；完成
218
全面的对外开放的政策
an overall opening policy
219
社会主义国家
| 资本主义国家
socialist country
| capitalist country
220
外资
| 对外贸易
foreign capital
| foreign trade
221
分歧
disagreement
222
first and foremost
首先；首要的是
223
加强民主法治建设
strengthen the building of democracy and legal system
224
公民权利
civil rights
225
改革开放
adopt reform and opening up policies
226
in some aspects
在有些方面
| 在某些方面
227
over the past 50 years
在过去的五十年
228
由于
on account of
由于；因为；为了…的缘故；
because of
因为；由于；
229
in light of
根据；鉴于；从…观点
230
adjustment
/ə'dʒʌstmənt/
| n. 调整，调节；调节器
231
under guidance of
在...指导下。引导下
232
积极参与
engage active participation
233
扩大共识
broaden common ground
234
增进互信
enhance mutual trust
235
加强合作
strenghthen cooperation
236
重视
attach great importance to+v,ing
237
目标和指导方针
objectives and guidelines
238
开展技术交流
conduct technology exchanges
239
摇篮
cradle
240
丝绸之路
Silk Road
241
人类文明
human civilization
242
为...谋利
seek benefits for
243
全方位合作
overall cooperation
244
转化技术成果
industrialize technological findings
245
促进基础科学研究
enhance basic scientific research
246
国际学术组织
international academic organizations
247
vista
/'vɪstə/ n. 远景，狭长的街景；展望；回顾
1.literary a view of a large area of beautiful scenery〔大片区域内的〕景色，景观
[+ of]
•stunning vistas of the Norfolk coast 诺福克海岸迷人的景色
2.the possibility of new experiences, ideas, events etc〔对新的经历、想法、事件等的〕展望，前景
•Exchange programs open up new vistas for students. 交流计划为学生展现了新的前景。
248
提供援助
provide assistance to
249
补偿贸易
compensation trade
250
compensation
/,kɑmpɛn'seʃən/
| n. 补偿；报酬；赔偿金
251
make up each other's deficiencies
互相取长补短
252
help supply each other's needs
互通有无
253
deficiency
/dɪ'fɪʃənsi/
| n. 缺陷，缺点；缺乏；不足的数额
254
Municipal Government
市政府
255
Municipal
/mju'nɪsɪpl/
| adj. 市政的，市的；地方自治的
256
做出明智的决定
make wise decisions
257
充分考虑两国人民的利益
take the interests of the two peoples into full consideration
258
diversity
/dɪˈvəsɪti/
| n. 多样性；差异
259
vital
/'vaɪtl/
| adj. 至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的
260
build a common vision of ....
建立对...的一致看法
261
shared interests
共有利益,共享的利益
262
mutual benefits
互惠
263
initiative
/ɪ'nɪʃətɪv/
1.DECISIONS 决定
[U] the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do自主决断的能力；主动性
•I wish my son would show more initiative. 我希望我的儿子能表现得再主动一些。
•Don’t keep asking me for advice. Use your initiative. 别老是要我给你出主意，发挥一下你自己的决断能力吧。
•Lt. Carlos was not obeying orders. He acted on his own initiative (= he was not told what to do ). 卡洛斯中尉没有服从命令，而是自作主张。
2.PLAN 计划
[C] an important new plan or process to achieve a particular aim or to solve a particular problem计划；措施
THESAURUS plan
•a government initiative to help exporters 扶助出口商的政府计划
•an education initiative 一项教育计划
[+ for]
•a new initiative for peace in the Middle East 中东和平新方案
3.the initiative
CONTROL 控制
if you have or take the initiative, you are in a position to control a situation and decide what to do next
主动权
•Why don’t you take the initiative and ask him out? 为什么你不主动约他出去呢？
•Politicians need to seize the initiative from the terrorists. 政治家需要对恐怖分子主动出击。
•The government must not lose the initiative in the fight against terrorism. 政府在打击恐怖主义方面不能失去主动权。
264
propose
/prə'pəʊz/
1.SUGGEST 建议
[T] formal to suggest something as a plan or course of action
提议，建议
RELTD proposal
•the changes currently proposed by the local planning authorities 目前由地方规划局提议的改革
•the proposed budget cuts 所提出的预算削减
Do not say 不要说 ‘propose someone something’. Say 而要说 propose something: He proposed a compromise (NOT 不说 He proposed me a compromise). 他建议和解。
propose that
•In his speech he proposed that the UN should set up an emergency centre for the environment. 在演讲中他建议联合国建立一个环境应急中心。
propose doing sth
•The report also proposes extending the motorway. 那份报告还建议扩建这条高速公路。
2.MEETING 会议
[T] to formally suggest a course of action at a meeting and ask people to vote on it
〔在会议上〕正式提议，提出…供表决
propose a motion/amendment/resolution etc
•The resolution was proposed by the chairman of the International Committee. 那项决议是由国际委员会主席提出的。
propose sb for sth
•Mr Leesom proposed Mrs Banks for the position of Treasurer (= he suggested formally that she should be the treasurer ) . 利森姆先生提议由班克斯夫人担任财务主管。
3.THEORY 理论
[T] to suggest an idea, method etc as an answer to a scientific question or as a better way of doing something
提出〔某观点、方法等〕
•A number of theories have been proposed to explain the phenomenon. 有人提出了一些理论来解释这种现象。
显示更多
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say that someone puts forward plans, ideas etc, rather than proposes them. 在日常英语中,表示某人提出计划、想法等,人们一般说 put forward ,而不说 propose
•The idea was first put forward by a German scientist. 这个想法最早是由一位德国科学家提出的。
265
remaining session
remaining
留下的；剩余的；其余的
session /'sɛʃən/
n. 会议；（法庭的）开庭；（议会等的）开会；学期；讲习会
266
join hands to
携手做...
267
lay out
展示；安排；花钱；为…划样；提议
268
concrete
```
/'kɑŋkrit/ definite and specific具体的
RELTD abstract
adj. 混凝土的；实在的，具体的；有形的
vi. 凝结
vt. 使凝固；用混凝土修筑
n. 具体物；凝结物
```
269
follow-up measures
跟进措施
270
propose a toast to....
提议为....干杯
271
propose initiatives
提出倡议
| initiative n. 主动权；首创精神；新方案；倡议
272
distinguished
1.successful, respected, and admired
卓越的，杰出的
•a long and distinguished career 漫长而卓越的职业生涯
2.dressed in neat and attractive clothes that are worn by adults, not looking like a young person衣着高雅的，气度不凡的
•a tall distinguished figure in a dark suit 穿深色套装、气度非凡的高大身影
273
delegate
代表
274
administrative
relating to the work of managing a company or organization
行政的，管理的
•The job is mainly administrative. 这份工作主要是行政方面的。
administrative staff/duties/job etc
•the administrative costs of health care systems 医疗保健体系的管理成本
•an administrative assistant 行政助理
•staff who provide technical and administrative support to the college 学院的技术及行政支持人员
275
delegate
n.代表 v.委派...为代表
276
representative
代表 /'rɛprɪ'zɛntətɪv/
adj. 典型的，有代表性的；代议制的
n. 代表；典型；众议员
277
minister
/'mɪnɪstɚ/
n. 部长；大臣；牧师
vi. 执行牧师职务；辅助或伺候某人
278
crucial
/'krʊʃəl/
| adj. 重要的；决定性的；定局的；决断的
279
in this sense
从这个意义上来说
280
budget
/'bʌdʒɪt/
n. 预算，预算费
vt. 安排，预定；把…编入预算
vi. 编预算，做预算
adj. 廉价的
[+ of]
•a welfare program with a budget of $2 million 预算为200万美元的福利计划
[+ for]
•The budget for photography has been cut. 摄影方面的预算被削减了。
on/within budget (=not using more money than planned)在预算内
•The project was completed within budget. 这一项目在预算内完成。
under budget (=using less money than planned)低于预算
•If you come in under budget, everyone will be very impressed. 如果没有超出预算，大家都会很佩服你。
over budget (=using more money than planned)超出预算
•Feature movies always run over budget. 拍故事片总是超支。
281
allocation
/,ælə'keʃən/
| n. 分配，配置；安置
282
budget allocation
经费分配；预算分配；预算拨款
283
environmental management
环境管理
284
the Ministry of Environment
环保部门
285
mobilize
'mobəlaɪz/
vt. 动员，调动；集合，组织；使…流通；使…松动
vi. 组织；动员起来
286
sector
/'sɛktɚ/
n. 部门；扇形，扇区；象限仪；函数尺
vt. 把…分成扇形
287
triple
/'trɪpl/
adj. 三倍的；三方的
n. 三倍数；三个一组
vi. 增至三倍
vt. 使成三倍
288
account for
对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因；导致；（比例）占
289
by some measures
通过一些标准衡量
通过一些措施
从某种程度上来说in some ways
290
APEC
abbr. 亚太经贸合作组织（Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation）
291
historically
英 /hɪ'stɒrɪklɪ/
| adv. 历史上地；从历史观点上说
292
facilitate
/fə'sɪlə'tet/
| vt. 促进；帮助；使容易
293
facilitating trade
协助交易
294
critical
critically
critically important
```
/'krɪtɪkl/
adj. 鉴定的；[核] 临界的；批评的，爱挑剔的；危险的；决定性的；评论的
rɪtɪkli/
adv. 精密地；危急地；严重地；批评性地；用钻研眼光地；很大程度上；极为重要地
critically important
极其重要
至关重要
非常重要
```
295
import
/'ɪmpɔt/
n. 进口，进口货；输入；意思，含义；重要性
vt. 输入，进口；含…的意思
vi. 输入，进口
296
dedicate
/'dɛdɪket/ vt. 致力；献身；题献
297
on the occasion of
值此…之际
298
founding of UN
联合国的建立
299
charter
/'tʃɑrtɚ/
vt. 特许；包租；发给特许执照
n. 宪章；执照；特许状
300
subsequent
subsequent endeavor
/'sʌbsɪkwənt/ self
adj. 后来的，随后的
此后的努力
301
in a ... light
从一个……的角度
302
put... into practice
把....付诸实践
| 实行，实施；落实
303
perception
/pɚ'sɛpʃən/
| n. 知觉；[生理] 感觉；看法；洞察力；获取
304
self-determination
n. 民族自决；自我决定
305
humanitarian nature
人道主义性质
306
humanitarian
/hju,mænɪ'tɛrɪən/
adj. 人道主义的；博爱的；基督凡人论的
n. 人道主义者；慈善家；博爱主义者；基督凡人论者
307
a center for
....的中心
308
harmonize
/'hɑrmənaɪz/
vt. 使和谐；使一致；以和声唱
vi. 协调；和谐；以和声唱
309
mechanism
'mɛkənɪzəm/
n. 机制；原理，途径；进程；机械装置；技巧
a system that is intended to achieve something or deal with a problem
机构；结构；机制；体制 system
→ exchange rate mechanism
mechanism for (doing) sth
•existing mechanisms for decision making 现行的决策机制
mechanism to do sth
•The Army has set up mechanisms to help jobless ex-soldiers get work. 军队建立了帮助无工作的退伍军人找到工作的机制。
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instrument
/'ɪnstrəmənt/
n. 仪器；工具；乐器；手段；器械
METHOD 方法
[usually singular,一般用单数] something or someone that is used to get a particular result
促成某事的物[人]；手段，方法
[+ of]
•Interest rates are an important instrument of economic policy. 利率是经济政策的重要调控手段。
instrument for (doing) sth
•Good management should be an instrument for innovation. 良好的管理应当是创新所必需的手段。
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assume
呈现出。显示出
1.to think that something is true, although you do not have definite proof
假定，假设，认为
SYN presume
•I think we can safely assume (= it is almost certain ) that interest rates will go up again soon. 我想我们几乎可以肯定，利率很快会再次上调。
•When it got to midnight and Paul was still not back, I began to assume the worst (= think that the worst possible thing had happened ) . 到午夜时保罗还没回来，我就开始往最坏的地方想了。
assume (that)
•I didn’t see your car, so I assumed you’d gone out. 我没有看见你的汽车，所以我以为你出去了。
it is/seems reasonable to assume (that)
•It seems reasonable to assume that the book was written around 70 AD. 认为这本书写于公元70年前后似乎有道理。
let us/let’s assume (that) (=used when thinking about a possible event or situation and its possible results)我们假设
•Let us assume for a moment that we could indeed fire her. Should we? 我们暂且假设真的能开除她，我们是不是该那样做？
2.assume control/responsibility etc
formal to start to have control, responsibility etc or to start in a particular position or job
开始掌管/承担责任等
•Whoever they appoint will assume responsibility for all financial matters. 不管他们任命的是谁，他都要负责财务方面的所有事务。
•He assumed power in a bloody coup in 1990. 他在1990年一场血腥的政变中上台。
•Jim Paton will assume the role of managing director. 吉姆·帕顿将出任常务董事一职。
3.assume a manner/air/expression etc
formal to behave in a way that does not show how you really feel, especially in order to seem more confident, happy etc than you are
假装[装出]…的态度/样子/表情等
SYN put on 【正式】
•Andy assumed an air of indifference whenever her name was mentioned. 每次提到她的名字，安迪都装出无所谓的样子。
4.to start to have a particular quality or appearance
呈现出，显示出
SYN take on
•These relationships assume great importance in times of crisis. 在危急时刻，这些关系显得尤为重要。
•The problem is beginning to assume massive proportions . 问题开始显出其严重性。
5.to be based on the idea that something else is correct
以…为前提，预先假定
SYN presuppose
•Coen’s economic forecast assumes a 3.5% growth rate. 科恩的经济预测是以3.5%的增长率为前提的。
assume (that)
•The theory assumes that both labour and capital are mobile. 这个理论的前提是劳动力和资本都是流动的。
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practical
1.REAL 真实的
relating to real situations and events rather than ideas, emotions etc
实践的，实际的
RELTD theoretical
•Candidates should have training and practical experience in basic electronics. 应征者应该具备基础电子学方面的培训和实践经验。
•the practical problems of old age 老年的实际问题
•They provide financial and practical help for disabled students. 他们为残障学生提供经济上的援助以及实际的帮助。
•a combination of theoretical and practical training 理论培训和实践培训的结合
•They haven’t thought about the practical consequences of the new regulations. 他们没有考虑过新法规会产生什么实际后果。
•In practical terms, this means spending more time with each student. 具体地说，这意味着花更多的时间和每个学生在一起。
2.EFFECTIVE 有效的
practical plans, methods etc are likely to succeed or be effective in a situation〔计划、方法等〕有效的，切实可行的
OPP impractical
•It doesn’t sound like a very practical solution. 这听上去不是一个十分可行的解决方法。
•a practical way of achieving greater efficiency 达到更高效率的切实有效的方法
•Unfortunately, there’s no practical alternative to driving. 遗憾的是，除了开车没有其他可行的方案。
•a practical guide to buying and selling a house 房屋买卖的实用指南
3.CLEAR THINKING 清晰的思维
a practical person is good at dealing with problems and making decisions based on what is possible and what will really work〔人〕注重实际的，务实的
OPP impractical
•She’s a very practical person . 她是个很务实的人。
•I was very shocked, but tried to be practical and think what to do. 我非常震惊，但我尽力让自己实际一点，想想该怎么办。
4.SUITABLE 合适的
useful or suitable for a particular purpose or situation
切合实际的，实用的
OPP impractical
•Skirts aren’t very practical in my kind of work. 干我这种工作穿短裙不合适。
5.USING YOUR HANDS 动手
good at repairing or making things
心灵手巧的
•I’m not very practical - I can’t even change a light bulb. 我动手能力不强，连灯泡都不会换。
6.for/to all practical purposes
used to say what the real effect of a situation is
实际上，事实上
•The time you spend on it doesn’t, for all practical purposes, affect the final result. 你花在那上面的时间实际上对最终的结果并不起作用。
7.practical certainty/disaster/sell-out etc
something that is almost certain, almost a disaster etc
几乎确定无疑/是灾难/满座等
•Sampras looks a practical certainty to win Wimbledon this year. 桑普拉斯打赢今年的温布尔登网球锦标赛看来是十拿九稳的。
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posture
/'pɑstʃɚ/ .
[C,U] the way you position your body when sitting or standing
〔坐或立的〕姿势；仪态
•her upright posture 她笔挺的姿势
good/bad etc posture
•Poor posture can lead to muscular problems. 不良的姿势可能会导致肌肉问题。
2.[singular,单数] the way you behave or think in a particular situation态度，立场
[+ towards]
•He tends to adopt a defensive posture towards new ideas. 对于新思想他往往采取戒备的态度。
n. 姿势；态度；情形
vi. 摆姿势
vt. 作…的姿势
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our country assumes a practical and active posture in the pursuit of world peace.
我国以务实和主动的姿态寻求世界和平
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personnel
n. 人事部门；全体人员
adj. 人员的；有关人事的
1.[plural,复数] the people who work in a company, organization, or military force
〔公司、组织或军队中的〕人员；员工，职员
RELTD staff
•All personnel are to receive security badges. 所有人员都将拿到安保徽章。
military/medical/technical etc personnel
•senior military personnel 高级军事人员
•doctors and other medical personnel 医生和其他医务人员
2.[U] the department in a company that chooses people for jobs and deals with their complaints, problems etc
人事部
SYN human resources
•A copy should then be sent to Personnel for our files. 然后必须送一份到人事部供我们存档。
•the personnel department 人事部
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operation〔为了专门目的而组织的〕行动
1.MEDICAL 医疗的
[C] the process of cutting into someone’s body to repair or remove a part that is damaged
手术
[+ on]
•She’s going to need an operation on her ankle. 她需要接受脚踝手术。
[+ for]
•an operation for cancer 癌症手术
operation to do sth
•He had an operation to reduce the swelling in his brain. 他做了个手术以减轻脑部水肿。
2.BUSINESS/ORGANIZATION 企业/机构
[C] a business, company, or organization
企业，公司，机构
•The firm set up its own property development operation. 这家商行成立了自己的房地产开发公司。
•a microchip manufacturing operation 微芯片生产企业
•Nolan and Barnes were both involved in the operation. 诺兰和巴恩斯都参与了公司经营。
3.WORK/ACTIVITIES 工作/活动
[C,U] the work or activities done by a business or organization, or the process of doing this work
经营；业务
•Many small businesses fail in the first year of operation. 许多小企业在经营的第一年就倒闭了。
•The Education Business Partnership has been in operation since 1989. 教育商业合作组织从1989年起开始运营。
4.ACTIONS 行动
[C] a set of planned actions or activities for a particular purpose〔为了专门目的而组织的〕行动
•The UN rescue operation started shortly after dawn. 联合国的救援行动在破晓后不久就开始了。
5.MACHINE/SYSTEM 机器/系统
[U] the way the parts of a machine or system work together, or the process of making a machine or system work运转，运行，操作
•The aircraft’s engine operation was normal. 飞机引擎运转正常。
•The device has a single button, allowing for easy operation. 这个装置只有一个按钮，操作简便。
•Careful checks must be made before the factory commences operation. 工厂开始运营之前必须进行仔细检查。
•The new investment system came into operation in 1999. 这套新的投资系统于1999年开始运作。
in operation
•Protective clothing must be worn when the machine is in operation. 机器运转时，必须穿着防护服。
6.PRINCIPLE/LAW/PLAN ETC 原理/定律/计划等
[U] the way something such as a principle or law works or has an effect
作用，效力
in operation
•a clear example of the law of gravity in operation 万有引力定律产生作用的明显例子
come/go into operation (=begin to have an effect)开始产生作用
•The new rule comes into operation on February 1. 新规定于2月1日起生效。
put/bring sth into operation (=make something start to work)使某事物开始工作[生效]
•A scheme is being brought into operation to see how these changes would work. 正在实施一项方案以观察这些变革会产生什么作用。
7.MILITARY/POLICE ACTION 军事/警方行动
[C] a planned military or police action, especially one that involves a lot of people
〔尤指涉及众多人员的〕军事行动，警方行动
•Britain will carry out a joint military operation with the US. 英国将与美国实施联合军事行动。
8.COMPUTERS 计算机
[C] an action done by a computer
〔计算机的〕运算
COLLOCATIONS 词语搭配
1.VERBS 动词
have an operation 接受手术
•Harris had a hip operation in October. 哈里斯在10月接受了髋部手术。
do/carry out an operation 施行手术
•The operation was carried out by a team of surgeons at Papworth Hospital. 手术由帕普沃思医院的一个外科医生小组施行。
recover from an operation 术后恢复
survive an operation 挺过手术
2.ADJECTIVES/NOUN 形容词/名词 + operation
a knee/heart/stomach etc operation 膝部/心脏/胃部等手术
•He is almost back to full fitness after a knee operation. 他做过一个膝部手术，现已几乎完全康复。
a major/minor operation 大/小手术
•The unit cares for patients recovering from major operations. 该监护室护理大手术后待恢复的病人。
an emergency operation 紧急手术
•He had to have his spleen removed in an emergency operation. 他不得不接受紧急手术，切除脾脏。
a routine operation(=an operation that is often performed) 常规[普通]手术
a life-saving operation 挽救生命的手术
a transplant operation 移植手术
common errors 常见错误
Do not say 不要说 ‘take an operation’. Say 而要说 have an operation.,Do not say 不要说 ‘make an operation’. Say 而要说 do an operation or 或 perform an operation.
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action
/ˈækʃ ə n/
MEANINGS 义项
1.doing sth 做某事
[U] the process of doing something, especially in order to achieve a particular thing行动
•The government must take action (= do something ) now to stop the rise in violent crime. 政府现在必须采取行动遏止暴力犯罪的上升。
•She was looking forward to putting her ideas into action (= doing the things she had planned ) . 她盼望着将自己的想法付诸实施。
•Ambulance crews are ready to spring into action (= suddenly start doing something ) if anything goes wrong during the race. 救护车急救人员随时准备出动，以应对比赛期间发生的意外。
[+ on]
•Environmental groups want tougher action on pollution from cars. 环境保护团体希望对汽车污染采取更严厉的措施。
2.sth done 所做的事[C] something that someone does
行为，作为
•The child could not be held responsible for his actions (= he was too young to be blamed for them ) . 不能要求这个小孩对自己的行为负责。
quick/swift/prompt action
•Her prompt actions probably saved my life. 她敏捷的行动很可能救了我一命。
defend/justify your action(s)
•The chief of police tried to justify his actions. 警察局长试图为自己的行为辩解。
3.in action
someone or something that is in action is doing the job or activity they are trained or designed to do
在工作；在活动；在运转
•photos of ski jumpers in action 跳台滑雪者跳下时的照片
see/watch sth/sb in action
•I’d like to see the new computer system in action. 我希望看到新的计算机系统运行起来。
4.out of action
broken and not working 失灵，发生故障
•The photocopier is out of action again. 复印机又出故障了。
injured and unable to do anything 〔受伤而〕不能做事
put/keep sb out of action
•The injury will keep him out of action for a month. 这次受伤将使他一个月无法做事。
5.fighting 战斗
[U] fighting during a war
战斗
THESAURUS war
•There have been reports of widespread enemy action in the area. 据报敌军在该地区开展大规模行动。
•530 servicemen were reported missing in action (= they were never seen again after a battle ) . 据报有530名军人在战斗中失踪。
•The men were sent into action with little or no training. 这些男子被送上战场时几乎没有或根本未经训练。
•He had seen action (= been involved in fighting ) in France. 他在法国打过仗。
killed/wounded in action (=killed or wounded while fighting)阵亡/战斗中负伤
•His father was killed in action in Vietnam. 他的父亲在越战中阵亡。
6.legal 法律上的
[C,U] a legal or formal process to decide whether someone has done something wrong诉讼
•They are threatening to take legal action against the hospital (= start a court case against them ) . 他们扬言要起诉这家医院。
•The director faces disciplinary action (= official action to punish him ) . 那位董事面临纪律处分。
•The matter is now the subject of a court action (= a court case ) . 此事现在成了一桩诉讼的争议事项。
•The students agreed to drop their action (= decided not to continue with a court case or an official complaint ) . 学生们同意撤诉。
•The sisters brought a libel action against the newspaper (= started a court case ) . 那家姐妹起诉报社诽谤。
7.excitement 激动
[U]exciting things that are happening 令人激动的事
•There hasn’t been much action around here for months. 几个月来这里没有发生多少有意思的事。
•New York is where all the action is . 纽约是最繁华喧闹的地方。
an action film has a lot of exciting scenes in it, in which people fight, chase, and kill each other 〔电影〕有许多打斗刺激镜头的
•Gibson became famous in action movies. 吉布森演动作片出了名。
•a TV action hero 一个电视动作片男主角
8.the action
the events in a story/film etc 故事/电影等中的情节
the events in a story, film, play etc情节
•Most of the action takes place in San Francisco. 大部分情节发生在旧金山。
•(= starts ) in a barbershop. 故事在一家理发店拉开序幕。
9.movement 活动
[C,U] the way something moves or works
动作；功能
•a smooth braking action 平稳的制动过程
[+ of]
•the action of the heart 心脏功能
10.effect 作用
[U] the effect that a substance, especially a chemical, has on something
〔尤指化学物的〕作用
[+ of]
•The drug blocks the action of the cancer gene. 这种药能遏制癌症基因的作用。
[+ on/upon]
•the action of alcohol on the liver 酒精对肝脏的影响
11.action group/committee etc
a group formed to change a social or political situation – often used in names行动小组/委员会等〔常用于名称〕
•the Child Poverty Action Group 儿童贫困行动小组
12.a piece/slice of the action
informal an opportunity to be involved in an event or activity, especially one that will be enjoyable or will make money参与，插手〔尤指为了玩乐、赚钱〕
•If you want a slice of the action, tickets may still be available. 要是你们想一起去，可能还有票。
13.actions speak louder than words
used to say that you are judged by what you do, and not by what you say行动胜于言辞
14.action!
used by film director s to give the instruction to begin filming开拍！〔电影导演下令开始拍摄时用语〕
•Lights, camera, action! 灯光，摄影，开拍！
→ affirmative action
COLLOCATIONS 词语搭配
1.verbs 动词
take action(=do something to deal with a problem) 采取行动
•The government must take action to control inflation. 政府必须采取行动控制通货膨胀。
demand/call for action(=ask forcefully) 强烈要求采取行动
•Voters are demanding tougher action on gun crime. 选民强烈要求对涉枪犯罪采取更严厉的措施。
swing/spring/leap into action(=suddenly start doing something) 突然行动起来
put sth into action(=start doing something you have planned to do) 将某事付诸实施
2.adjectives 形容词
immediate/prompt/swift action 迅速的行动
•The public wants immediate action to stop the terrorists. 民众希望立即采取措施阻止恐怖分子的活动。
urgent action(=that needs to be done immediately) 紧急行动
•The Opposition called for urgent action to reduce unemployment. 反对党要求采取紧急措施降低失业率。
firm/tough action 坚决/严厉措施
•We need firm action to deal with the problem. 我们需要采取坚决措施来解决这个问题。
decisive action(=that has a big effect on the way something develops) 决定性的措施
drastic action(=that has a very severe effect) 严厉措施
further action 进一步措施
direct action(=that is aimed at making a government or company do something) 直接行动
political action 政治行动
industrial/strike action(=that workers take in order to protest about pay, working conditions etc) 劳工/罢工行动
joint action(=that two or more countries, organizations etc take together) 联合行动
3.phrases 短语
a course of action 行动步骤
•Have you decided on a course of action? 行动方案你决定了吗？
a plan of action 行动计划
•The General outlined his plan of action for the campaign. 将军概述了他的作战计划。
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give priority to
优先考虑；认为优先
319
among the core elements
核心要素
| 是核心
320
transfer
/træns'fɝ/
n. 转让；转移；传递；过户
vi. 转让；转学；换车
vt. 使转移；调任
1.[C,U] the process by which someone or something moves or is moved from one place, job etc to another 〔地点的〕转移；〔工作的〕调动
•electronic data transfer 电子数据的转存
[+ of]
•the transfer of assets within a group of companies 在几家公司内进行的资产转移
[+ to]
•Penny’s applied for a transfer to head office. 彭妮已申请调到总部去。
[C] someone or something that has been moved in this way 已调动的人；已转移的东西
2.transfer of power
a process by which the control of a country is taken from one person or group and given to another
权力的移交[过渡]
•the transfer of power to a civilian government 向文官政府的权力移交
3.[C] the act of changing from one bus, aircraft etc to another while travelling〔公共汽车、飞机等的〕转乘
•Getting there often means a couple of transfers on a bus line. 去那里经常得倒两三趟公共汽车。
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trade,investment and technology transfer
贸易、投资和技术转让
322
reciprocal
/rɪ'sɪprək ə l/
formal
a reciprocal arrangement or relationship is one in which two people or groups do or give the same things to each other相互的；交互的；互惠的
RELTD mutual
•He spoke of the necessity for a reciprocal relationship that would be useful for all sides. 他谈及需要建立对各方都有益的互惠关系。
•Such treaties provide reciprocal rights and obligations. 此类协议规定了相互之间的权利与义务。
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regular, reciprocal high-level exchanges of visits
经常性的高层互访
324
take the view that
持某种观点
| 抱有某种看法
325
ozone layer
臭氧层
326
put burden on
给……带来负担
327
paradigm
/'pærədaɪm/ n. 范例
1.technical a model or example that shows how something works or is produced
〔展示工作原理或制作方法的〕模型，例子
[+ of]
•the basic paradigm of the family tree 家谱的基本模式
2.formal a very clear or typical example of something
示例，范例，样式
[+ of]
•Pius XII remained the paradigm of what a pope should be. 庇护十二世一直都是教皇的榜样。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
paradigmatic adj /͵pærədɪgˋmætɪk ; ‚pærədɪɡ'mætɪk◂ /paradigmatically adv /-kḷɪ ; -kli /
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tension
'tɛnʃən/
n. 张力，拉力；紧张，不安；电压
vt. 使紧张；使拉紧
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trend
/trend/
1.a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing趋势，趋向，倾向，动向
•The current trend is towards more part-time employment. 当前的趋势是雇用更多的兼职人员。
•the general trend towards the centralization of political power 政治权力集中化的普遍趋势
•A disturbing trend is that victims of violence are getting younger. 一个令人担心的趋势是，暴力行为的受害者越来越年轻。
•The growing trend is for single mothers to bring up children by themselves. 单身母亲独自抚养孩子的趋势在上升。
•Even so, the underlying trend is positive. 尽管如此，基本趋势仍是乐观的。
•national and international economic trends 国内和国际的经济趋势
•the downward trend in the price of gold 黄金价格的下滑势头
•Successive presidents have tried to reverse this trend , but without success. 连续几任总统都试图扭转这一趋势，但均未成功。
[+ towards]
•Lately there has been a trend towards hiring younger, cheaper employees. 近来的趋势是雇用较年轻、薪酬较低的雇员。
[+ in]
•recent trends in education 教育的最新动向
2.set the trend
to start doing something that other people copy
开创潮流
•Larger corporations are setting the trend for better maternity benefits. 较大的公司在开创新风，提供更好的生育福利。
3.on trend
fashionable – used especially in magazines
流行的〔尤用于杂志中〕
•This striped dress is bang on trend. 此款条纹连衣裙正流行。
330
per capita
[统计] 人均；（拉丁）每人；按人口计算
331
GDP
gross domestic development国内生产总值
332
人均国内生产总值
per capita gross domestic development
333
意识形态
社会制度
文化背景
ideology
social system
cultural background
334
ideology
/ˌaɪdiˈɑlədʒi/ 全球(加拿大)
简明 朗文 韦氏 柯林斯 例句 百科
n. 意识形态；思想意识；观念学
335
人权
human rights
336
基本自由
fundamental freedom
337
日用品
daily necessities
| 日用品；生活必需品；
338
地理上相隔甚远
geologically far apart
339
necessities
ə'sɛsəti/
| n. 必需品（necessity的复数）
340
have a keen interest in
抱有强烈兴趣
keen /kin/
adj. 敏锐的，敏捷的；渴望的；强烈的；热心的；锐利的
n. 痛哭，挽歌
341
preside
/prɪ'zaɪd/
vi. 主持，担任会议主席
vt. 管理
342
preside over
主持；负责
343
seminar
'sɛmɪnɑr/
| n. 讨论会，研讨班
344
outstanding
/'aʊt'stændɪŋ/
adj. 杰出的；显著的；未解决的；未偿付的
n. 未偿贷款
345
现状
current situation
346
unprecedented
/ʌn'prɛsɪdɛntɪd/
| adj. 空前的；无前例的
347
改革开放
the reform and opening-up policy
348
volume
〔尤指巨大的或正在增加的〕量，总量
THESAURUS amount
•the volume of trade 贸易量
/'vɑljum/
n. 量；体积；卷；音量；大量；册
adj. 大量的
vi. 成团卷起
vt. 把…收集成卷
1.SOUND 声音
[U] the amount of sound produced by a television, radio etc音量，(音)响度
turn the volume up/down
•Can you turn the volume up? 请你把音量调大好吗？
2.AMOUNT OF STH 某物的数量
[C usually singular, U,一般用单数] the total amount of something, especially when it is large or increasing
〔尤指巨大的或正在增加的〕量，总量
THESAURUS amount
•the volume of trade 贸易量
[+ of]
•The volume of traffic on the roads has increased dramatically in recent years. 近年来道路交通量急剧增加。
3.SPACE FILLED 充满的空间
[C usually singular,一般用单数] a measurement of the amount of space that a substance or object fills, or the amount of space in a container
容量；体积；容积
THESAURUS size
•The volume of the container measures 10,000 cubic metres. 这个容器的容量是1万立方米。
[+ of]
•an instrument for measuring the volume of a gas 测量气体体积的仪器
4.BOOK 书籍
(written abbreviation 书面缩写为undefined)
[C]
a book that is part of a set, or one into which a very long book is divided 〔书的〕卷，册
•The period from 1940 – 1945 is in volume 9. 1940年至1945年这段时间在第9卷。
a book 一本，一册
[+ of]
•a volume of Keats’s poetry 一本济慈的诗集
all the copies of a particular magazine printed in one particular year 〔一本杂志全年的〕合集，合订本
→见 (9)
→at 见 speak
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say turn something up or turn something down rather than use the noun volume.在日常英语中，人们通常说 turn something up 或 turn something down，而不用名词 volume
•Can you turn the TV up a bit? 请把电视机调响一点好吗？
•She’s always yelling at us to turn our music down. 她老是叫嚷着要我们把音乐声调轻 。
349
climb to
攀登到……上，爬到……上
350
below the poverty line
贫困线以下
351
贫困人口
impoverished people
poor people
people live below the poverty line
352
overstatement
n. 大话，夸大的叙述
353
夸张
```
exaggerate; overstate:
使扩大；使增大；夸大；夸张；
夸张；夸大的叙述；
exaggeration 夸张；夸大之词；夸张的手法
overstatement 大话，夸大的叙述；
```
354
constitute
/'kɑnstətut/
vt. 组成，构成；建立；任命
/'kɒnstɪtjuːt,'kɒnstətjuːt/
1.[linking verb,not in progressive,连系动词,不用进行式] to be considered to be something被视为，被算作
•Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract. 不能完成工作被视为违反雇用合同。
•The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society. 犯罪率上升对社会构成了威胁。
2.[linking verb,not in progressive,连系动词,不用进行式] if several people or things constitute something, they are the parts that form it组成，构成
SYN make up
•We must redefine what constitutes a family. 我们必须对家庭的构成重新定义。
3.[T usually in passive,一般用被动态] formal to officially form a group or organization成立，设立
SYN found 【正式】
•The Federation was constituted in 1949. 该联盟成立于1949年。
Register 语体
In everyday English, people usually say make up rather than constitute .
在日常英语中，人们一般说make up，而不说constitute
•His letters to his wife make up the middle section of the book. 他写给妻子的书信构成了本书的中间部分。
355
annual
/'ænjuəl/
adj. 年度的；每年的
n. 年刊，年鉴；一年生植物
356
proceed
/prə'siːd/
1.formal to continue to do something that has already been planned or started继续进行，继续做
•Before proceeding further, we must define our terms. 我们必须先定义术语，然后再往下展开。
[+ with]
•The government was determined to proceed with the election. 政府决心继续进行选举。
2.formal to continue继续
•Work is proceeding according to plan . 工作正在按计划进行。
3.proceed to do sth
to do something after doing something else first – used sometimes to express surprise or annoyance
接着做，继而做〔有时用于表示感到意外或恼怒〕
•Sammy took off his coat and proceeded to undo his boots. 萨米脱掉了外衣，接着又解开靴子。
PHRVB 短语动词
proceed against sbphr v
1.to begin a legal case against someone
起诉〔某人〕，对〔某人〕提起诉讼
proceed from sthphr v
1.to happen or exist as a result of something
源于[出自]某事物
•ideas that proceed from a disturbed state of mind 心烦意乱时产生的想法
proceed to sthphr v
1.if you proceed to the next part of an activity, job etc, you do or take part in the next part of it
进而做[参加]
•players who proceed to the finals of the competition 进入决赛的选手
REGISTER 语体
In everyday English, people usually say go ahead rather than proceed . 在日常英语中,人们一般说 go ahead ,而不说 proceed
•They decided to go ahead with the project. 他们决定继续进行该项目。
357
提高人民生活水平
improve the living conditions of people
358
提出目标
put forward a goal of...
359
全面建成小康社会
build a moderately well-off society in an all-round way
360
build a moderately well-off society in an all-round way
全面建成小康社会
361
moderately
```
moderately
/'mɑdərətli/ adv. 适度地；中庸地；有节制地
1.fairly, but not very
普通地，一般地，有限地
SYN reasonably
•a moderately successful film 一部还算成功的电影
•He did moderately well in the exams. 他考得还算不错。
2.in a way which is not extreme or stays within reasonable limits适度地，适量地，有节制地
•He drinks moderately. 他喝酒有节制。
3.moderately priced
neither cheap nor expensive价格不贵的，价格适中的
•Both hotels are moderately priced. 两家酒店价格都适中。
```
362
all-round
adj. 多才多艺的；全面的；多方面的；综合性的
good at doing many different things
有多方面才能的，全面的
•an all-round athlete 全能运动员
363
well-off
/'wel'ɔ:f/
adj. 富裕的；顺利的，走运的；繁荣昌盛的
1.having a lot of money, or enough money to have a good standard of living
有钱的，富裕的
OPP badly-off
THESAURUS rich
•children from well-off families 富裕家庭的孩子
•Many pensioners are less well-off (= have less money ) than they used to be. 许多退休人员生活都不如以前优裕了。
2.be well-off for sth
having plenty of something, or as much of it as you need
有充裕的某物，有够多的某物
•We’re well-off for public transport here. 我们这里公共交通发达。
3.you don’t know when you’re well-off
spoken used to tell someone that they are more fortunate than they realize你身在福中不知福
364
本世纪前20年
in the first 2 decades of this century
365
underline
vt. 强调；在…下面划线；预告
n. 下划线；下期节目预告
1.to draw a line under a word to show that it is important
在…之下画线〔以示重要〕
2.to show that something is important
强调；使突出
SYN highlight
THESAURUS emphasize
•This tragic incident underlines the need for immediate action. 这一悲剧事件突显了立即采取行动的必要性。
366
attain the goal
达到此目的
367
实现目标
attain the goal
368
be equivalent to
等（同）于；相等（当）于……；与…等效
| 相当于
369
中等收入国家
middle income country
370
农业人口最多
have the largest farming popilation
371
人均年收入
annual per capita income
372
on average
平均；普通，通常
373
农村贫困人口
rural poor population
| rural population living under the poverty line
374
计划生育
[医] family planning
计划生育；
[医] birth control
避孕；[医] 节育；
375
基本国策
the basic state policy
376
生活质量
living quality
377
相对不足
relative insufficiency
378
自然资源
natural resources
379
disparity
```
/dɪ'spærəti/
n. 不同；不一致；不等
/dɪ'spærɪti,dɪ'spærəti/
formal
pl: disparities
a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one〔尤指不公正的〕不同，差异
RELTD parity
[+ in/between]
•a disparity between the rates of pay for men and women 男性与女性在工资水平上的差异
```
380
improve prenatal and postnatal care
加强优生优育
Prenatal and postnatal care
产前和产后护理
381
foster physical fitness among the population
提高人口健康素质
fos‧ter /'fɒstə/ 促进
1.[T] to help a skill, feeling, idea etc develop over a period of time促进，培养，助长
SYN encourage,promote
•The bishop helped foster the sense of a community embracing all classes. 主教鼓励一种包容各个阶层的社区精神。
2.[I,T] to take someone else’s child into your family for a period of time but without becoming their legal parent
〔在一段时间内〕抚育，代养〔别人的孩子〕
RELTD adopt
•The couple wanted to adopt a black child they had been fostering. 那对夫妇想收养他们代养的一个黑人小孩。
physical fitness
身体健康；体力；身体适宜性
382
合理开发
| 综合利用
exploit ....rationally
exploit /ɛksplɔɪt; ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ vt. 开发，开拓；剥削；开采n. 勋绩；功绩
rationally /'ræʃənli/ adv. 理性地；讲道理地
make use of ...in an integrated manner
383
in an integrated manner
```
综合地
integrated/'ɪntɪɡretɪd/
adj. 综合的；完整的；互相协调的
v. 整合；使…成整体（integrate的过去分词）
manner /'mænɚ/
n. 方式；习惯；种类；规矩；风俗
```
384
资源开发
[环境] resource development
[环境] 资源开发；
resource exploitation
资源开采；
385
生态环境
n. ecological environment; ecotope
386
生态环境
n. ecological environment;
| ecotope
387
ecological
/'ikə'lɑdʒɪkl/
| adj. 生态的，生态学的
388
公民的责任与义务
citizen's responsibility and duty
389
规定并修改相关法鲁
stipulate and revise the relevant law
390
stipulate
/'stɪpjulet/
vi. 规定；保证
vt. 规定；保证
adj. 有托叶的
391
规定
stipulate
规定；保证；规定；保证；有托叶的；
stipulation
规定；约定；条款；契约；
392
revise
/rɪ'vaɪz/
vt. 修正；复习；校订
vi. 修订；校订；复习功课
n. 修订；校订
393
固体垃圾污染
solid waste pollution
394
为...打下基础
lay the foundation for
395
取得持续发展
achieve sustainable development
396
不可逆转的历史潮流
an irreversible historical trend
397
irreversible
1.irreversible damage, change etc is so serious or so great that you cannot change something back to how it was before
〔损害、变化等〕不可挽回的，不可逆转的
OPP reversible
•Fossil fuels have caused irreversible damage to the environment. 矿物燃料已对环境造成了不可挽回的破坏。
2.if an illness or bad physical condition is irreversible, it will continue to exist and cannot be cured
不能治愈的；不能挽救的
•Miller is in an irreversible coma. 米勒一直昏迷不醒，无法挽救了。
•
irreversible blindness 不可逆性失明
DERIVATIVE 派生词
irreversibly adv
•His reputation was irreversibly damaged by the affair. 这件事使他的名誉蒙受了无法挽回的损害。
398
supervision
/‚suːpə'vɪʒ ə n/
when you supervise someone or something
监督；管理；指导；照看
•The baby needs constant supervision. 宝宝时刻都要有人照看。
under sb’s supervision
•Costumes and sets were also made under his supervision. 服装和布景也由他负责。
399
practical measure
实际措施
400
排放标准
```
[环境] emission standard
[环境] 排放标准；
effluent standard
排放标准；排污标准；
discharge standard for waste gases and water
```
401
expect
/ɪk'spekt/
MEANINGS 义项
1.
THINK STH WILL HAPPEN 认为某事会发生
1.to think that something will happen because it seems likely or has been planned预料，预期，预计
•He will be hard to beat. I fully expect (= am completely sure about ) that and I’m ready. 他很难击败。我确信这一点，不过我准备好了。
•‘Who are you?’ he murmured, only half expecting (= thinking it was possible, but not likely ) her to answer. “你是谁？”他低声问道，预计她可能不会回答。
•He didn’t get his expected pay rise. 他没有得到他预想的加薪。
expect to do sth
•I expect to be back within a week. 我预计一周之内回来。
•The company expects to complete work in April. 公司预期在4月完工。
expect sb/sth to do sth
•Emergency repairs were expected to take three weeks. 抢修工作预计要花三个星期。
•I didn’t expect him to stay so long. 我没有料到他会待那么久。
expect (that)
•There’s the doorbell — I expect it’ll be my mother. 有人按门铃，估计是我母亲。
as expected (=in the way that was planned or thought likely to happen)按计划进行；不出所料
•As expected, the whole family was shocked by the news. 不出所料，全家人对这个消息都感到震惊。
sth is (only) to be expected (=used to say that you are not surprised by something, especially something unpleasant)某事在预料之中，某事并不意外〔尤指令人不愉快的事〕
•A little nervousness is only to be expected when you are starting a new job. 开始一项新工作时有点紧张是不足为奇的。
2.DEMAND 要求
to demand that someone does something because it is a duty or seems reasonable要求，期望〔某人做某事〕
expect sth from sb
•The officer expects complete obedience from his troops. 这位军官要求部下绝对服从。
expect sb to do sth
•I can’t expect her to be on time if I’m late myself. 我要是自己都迟到就无法要求她准时。
expect a lot of sb/expect too much of sb (=think someone can do more than may be possible)对某人要求很高/过高
•The school expects a lot of its students. 这所学校对学生要求很高。
3.THINK SB/STH WILL ARRIVE 认为某人会到达/某事会发生to believe that someone or something is going to arrive期待，预料
•We’re expecting Alison home any minute now. 我们想艾利森现在随时会到家。
•Snow is expected by the weekend. 预计周末会下雪。
•an expected crowd of 80,000 people 预计会来80,000人
4.THINK 认为
to think that you will find that someone or something has a particular quality or does a particular thing料想，猜想
•I expected her to be taller than me, not shorter. 我曾以为她个子比我高，不会比我矮。
5.be expecting (a baby)
if a woman is expecting, she is going to have a baby
怀孕
6.what can/do you expect?
spoken used to say that you are not surprised by something unpleasant or disappoint-ing
这有什么奇怪？ 你还能指望什么？
•He was late, but what do you expect? 他迟到了，可这有什么奇怪呢？
7.how do/can you expect …?
spoken used to say that it is unreasonable to think that something will happen or be true
你能指望怎么样？
•If I can’t help her, how can you expect to? 如果我都帮不了她，你又能指望怎么样呢？
8.I expect
spoken used to introduce or agree with a statement that you think is probably true我觉得，依我看
•I expect you’re right. 我觉得你说得对。
•‘Do you think they’re going to attack?’ ‘I expect so.’ “你觉得他们会进攻吗？”“我看会。”
收起
402
遏制环境恶化
Curb environmental degradation
403
Curb
v.
to control or limit something in order to prevent it from having a harmful effect控制，抑制，约束
•measures to curb the spread of the virus 控制病毒扩散的措施
n.
an influence which helps to control or limit something
控制，约束，抑制
[+ on]
•We are trying to keep a curb on their activities. 我们正设法控制他们的活动。
the raised edge of a road, between where people can walk and cars can drive
路缘
RELTD pavement sidewalk
SYN kerb AmE,BrE 【美】,【英】
404
degradation
/‚degrə'deɪʃ ə n/
1.[C,U] an experience or situation that makes you feel ashamed and angry耻辱，落魄，潦倒
•a life of poverty and degradation 穷困潦倒的生活
2.[U] the process by which something changes to a worse condition退化，恶化
405
中国共产党
Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党；
| CCP
406
CCP
abbr. 中国共产党（Chinese Communist Party）
407
民族基本政策
the fundamental nationalities principle
408
be of persistence in
坚持；固执于；
409
be opposite to
与…相反；和…相对
410
坚持
```
insist
坚持，强调；坚持，强调；
stick to
坚持；粘住；
persist in
坚持；固执于；
adhere to
坚持；粘附；拥护，追随；
persevere in
坚持；
```
411
民族团结
national unity
412
民族压迫
national oppression
413
in line with
符合；与…一致
414
在此原则指导下
in line with the principle
415
医疗卫生
medical work
| Medical Treatment and Public Health
416
sizable contribution
巨大的贡献
417
ethnic group
n. 同种同文化之民族
418
intermingled
intermingle /,ɪntɚ'mɪŋɡl/
vt. 使混合；使搀和
vi. 混合；掺杂
419
intermingled efforts
多方努力
420
科教兴国
develop the country through science and education
421
科教兴国战略
the srategy of developing the country through science and education
422
全球范围内日趋激烈的经济竞争
the increasingly acute worldwide economic competition
423
acute
1.problem 问题
an acute problem is very serious
严重的
THESAURUS serious
•The housing shortage is more acute than first thought. 住房短缺情况比一开始想的要严重。
2.feeling 感觉
an acute feeling is very strong强烈的，剧烈的
•acute pain 剧痛
•acute embarrassment 万分的尴尬
•acute anxiety 极度的忧虑
3.illness 疾病
technical an acute illness or disease quickly becomes very serious急性的
OPP chronic
•acute arthritis 急性关节炎
4.senses 感官
acute senses such as hearing, taste, touch etc are very good and sensitive灵敏的
•Young children have a particularly acute sense of smell. 幼儿的嗅觉特别灵敏。
5.intelligent 聪颖的
quick to notice and understand things敏锐的，机敏的
SYN sharp
•Simon’s vague manner concealed an acute mind. 西蒙貌似蒙昧，其实头脑灵活。
•an acute analysis of Middle Eastern politics 对中东政治的敏锐分析
6.mathematics 数学
technical an acute angle is less than 90°锐角的
RELTD obtuse
7.punctuation 标点符号
an acute accent (= a mark used to show pronunciation ) is a small mark written above a vowel. In ‘café’, the letter ‘e’ has an acute accent发锐音的，标有尖音符号的
RELTD grave circumflex
424
decisive factor
[管理] 决定性因素
425
归根结底
```
in the final analysis
归根到底；
ultimately
最后；根本；基本上；
after all is said and done
在所有要说和要做的之后；
in balance
总而言之，总的来说；
on balance
总而言之，总的来说；
```
426
in the final analysis
归根到底
427
人才的竞争
Competition for talents
428
根本任务
fundamental task
| basic mission
429
提高全民族的思想道德水准和科学文化水平
raise the ideological and ethical standards and the scientific and cultural level of the entire nation
430
vigorously
'vɪgərəsli/
| adv. 精神旺盛地，活泼地
431
dictate
/dɪk'teɪt/
v.
1.to say words for someone else to write down
口授，让〔某人〕听写
dictate a letter/memo etc to sb
•She’s dictating a letter to her secretary right now. 她现在正在给秘书口授一封信。
2.[I,T] to tell someone exactly what they must do or how they must behave命令，规定，指定
•Federal funds have to be used as dictated by Washington. 联邦款项得按照华盛顿规定的途径使用。
•The US government attempted to dictate the terms of the agreement. 美国政府企图规定协议的条款。
[+ to]
•The media cannot be allowed to dictate to the government. 不能让媒体对政府发号施令。
dictate who/what/how etc
•Can they dictate how the money will be spent? 他们可以规定这些钱如何使用吗？
dictate that
•Islamic custom dictates that women should be fully covered. 伊斯兰习俗规定妇女应遮住全身。
3.[T] to control or influence something支配，影响，决定
SYN determine
•The massive publicity dictated a response from the city government. 大量的媒体报道迫使市政府作出反应。
dictate what/how etc
•Funds dictate what we can do. 资金的多少决定我们能做些什么。
dictate that
•The laws of physics dictate that what goes up must come down. 物理定律决定了上升的物体一定会落下。
n.
an order, rule, or principle that you have to obey
命令，规定，原则
[+ of]
•teenagers following the dictates of fashion 赶时髦的青少年
432
further the modernization drive
推进现代化建设
433
interest group
利益集团（指有共同利益的一群人）
434
利益集团
interest group〔试图左右政府决策以保护自身利益的〕利益集团
| SYN lobby
435
contentment
```
the state of being happy and satisfied
满意，满足
OPP discontent
THESAURUS pleasure
•He gave a sigh of contentment , and fell asleep. 他满意地舒了口气后就睡着了。
•a feeling of deep contentment 深深的满足感
```
436
巨大的市场需求
enormous market demand
437
市场需求
market demand
| market requirements
438
the cause of.....
....事业
cause
1.[C] a person, event, or thing that makes something happen原因，起因
RELTD effect
•It’s our job to establish the cause of the fire. 查明起火原因是我们的责任。
Do not say 不要说 ‘the cause for something’. Say 而要说 the cause of something.
[+ of]
•Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for American women in their 40s. 乳癌是美国四十多岁妇女死亡的主要原因。
2.[U] a fact that makes it right or reasonable for you to feel or behave in a particular way理由，缘由
SYN reason
•The patient’s condition is giving cause for concern . 病人的状况令人担忧。
•The present political climate gives little cause for optimism . 当前的政治气候不容乐观。
[+ for]
•There is no cause for alarm . 不必惊慌。
have (good) cause to do sth
•His father has good cause to be proud of him. 他父亲完全有理由为他感到骄傲。
with/without good cause
•Many people are worried about the economy, and with good cause. 许多人担心经济状况，这是有充分理由的。
3.[C] an aim, belief or organization that a group of people support or fight for
事业，理想，目标
•My father fought for the Nationalist cause. 我父亲为民族党的事业而奋斗。
•He has championed the cause of independence (= he has supported it publicly ) . 他声援独立事业。
•You can get fit, and at the same time raise money for a worthy cause . 你可以健身，同时又能为崇高的事业募捐。
•Please give generously – it’s all in a good cause (= done in order to help people ) . 请慷慨解囊，共襄善举。
[+ of]
•her lifelong devotion to the cause of women’s rights 她对女权事业终生的奉献
→ at 见 lost →lost cause at 见 lost12
COLLOCATIONS 词语搭配
1.ADJECTIVES 形容词
a common cause of sth 某事的常见原因
•Alcohol is the most common cause of road accidents. 饮酒是交通事故最常见的肇事原因。
the main/primary cause of sth 某事的主要原因
•Smoking is the main cause of lung disease. 吸烟是导致肺病的主要原因。
a major/leading cause of sth 某事的重要原因
•In this country, debt is a major cause of homelessness. 在这个国家，负债是造成无家可归的重要原因。
a direct/indirect cause 直接/间接原因
•Government policies are the direct cause of the problems facing the economy. 政府的政策是导致经济面临这些问题的直接原因。
the root cause(=the most basic cause) 根本原因
•People often deal with the symptoms rather than the root cause of a problem. 人们处理问题往往治标不治本。
the fundamental/underlying cause(=the root cause) 根本原因
the probable/likely cause 可能的原因
2.VERBS 动词
discover/find the cause 找出原因
•An investigation has failed to discover the cause of the epidemic. 调查没有找出流行病的病因。
determine/establish/identify the cause(=discover definitely what it is) 确定原因
investigate the cause 调查原因
3.PHRASES 短语
the cause of death 死因
•A snake bite was the cause of death. 遭到蛇咬是致死原因。
die of/from natural causes(=die of illness, old age etc, not because of an accident or crime) 自然死亡
cause and effect(=the idea that one thing directly causes another) 因果关系
439
devastating
/'devəsteɪtɪŋ/
1.badly damaging or destroying something
毁灭性的，破坏力极强的
•It will be a devastating blow for the town if the factory closes. 如果工厂关闭，对该镇来说将是沉重的打击。
devastating effect/impact
•Acid rain has a devastating effect on the forest. 酸雨对森林的破坏力极大。
devastating results/consequences
•The oil spill had devastating consequences for wildlife. 这次石油泄漏事故对野生生物造成了毁灭性的后果。
2.making someone feel extremely sad or shocked
令人悲痛的；令人震惊的，骇人的
•He was in Nice when he heard the devastating news . 他是在尼斯听到这个令人震惊的消息的。
•Long-term unemployment can be devastating. 长期失业对人的打击很大。
3.very impressive or effective惊人的；强有力的
•In a devastating display of military muscle, soldiers seized the town. 士兵以摧枯拉朽之势占领了这座城镇。
4.literary extremely attractive
极富吸引力的，极漂亮的
•a devastating smile 迷人的微笑
440
nut
n. 螺母，螺帽；坚果；难对付的人，难解的问题
vi. 采坚果
CRAZY PERSON 疯子
informal someone who is crazy or behaves strangely
疯子；怪人
•My dad is such a nut. 我爸就是这样一个怪人。
•What are you, some kind of nut? 你是什么，是个疯子吗？
441
psycho
/'saɪko/
n. 心理分析，精神分析；精神病患者
adj. 精神病的；精神病学的
442
local conflict
局部冲突
| 地方冲突
443
isolate instability
隔绝不稳定
444
stem from
起源于
来自
源于
由
445
escalate
1.if fighting, violence, or a bad situation escalates, or if someone escalates it, it becomes much worse
(使)〔战斗、暴力事件或不好的情况〕升级；(使)恶化
•The fighting on the border is escalating. 边境地区的战事在不断升级。
•We do not want to escalate the war. 我们不想让战争升级。
[+ into]
•Her fear was escalating into panic. 她越来越害怕，最后变得惊慌失措。
2.to become higher or increase, or to make something do this(使)升高；(使)增加
THESAURUS increase
•The costs were escalating alarmingly. 成本在以惊人的速度增长。
•policies that escalate their own costs 促使其自身成本增加的政策
•escalating crime 愈演愈烈的犯罪活动
DERIVATIVE 派生词
escalation n /͵ɛskəˋleʃən ; ‚eskə'leɪʃən / [C,U]
•the escalation of fighting in June 6 6月份战事的升级
•a rapid escalation in value 快速升值
446
essentially
[sentence adverb,句子副词] used when stating the most basic facts about something
本质上，根本上
SYN basically
•Ballet is essentially a middle-class interest. 芭蕾舞基本上是中产阶级感兴趣的东西。
•Suicide rates have remained essentially unchanged. 自杀率基本上保持不变。
•Essentially, we are talking about the cold war period. 我们基本上是在谈论冷战时期。
447
in environmentally sensitive ways
注意环境（保护）的方式
448
be powered by
由……供电（powered是power的过去分词）
| 由……提供动力（powered是power的过去分词）
449
hydrogen fuel cells
氢燃料电池
450
氢燃料
hydrogen fuel
451
国家安全
national security
国家安全；民族安全；
state security
国家安全；
452
bill
/bɪl/ law 法律
a written proposal for a new law, that is brought to a parliament so that it can be discussed
议案，法案
•The senator introduced a bill that would increase the minimum wage. 那位参议员提交了一个拟提高最低工资的法案。
approve/pass/veto a bill
•The House of Representatives passed a new gun-control bill. 众议院通过了一个新的枪支管制法案。
n. [法] 法案；广告；账单；[金融] 票据；钞票；清单
453
法案
act
| bill
454
pollution-free
adj. [环境] 无污染的
455
满足需求
meet the needs
456
emerge
vi. 浮现；摆脱；暴露
1.to appear or come out from somewhere出现，浮现
•The flowers emerge in the spring. 花儿在春天开放。
[+ from]
•The sun emerged from behind the clouds. 太阳从云层后露了出来。
2.if facts emerge, they become known after being hidden or secret〔事实〕显露，暴露
RELTD come out
•Eventually the truth emerged. 真相终于大白。
•Later it emerged that the judge had employed an illegal immigrant. 后来查明，那个法官雇用了一名非法移民。
3.to come out of a difficult experience
〔从困境中〕摆脱出来，出头
[+ from]
•She emerged from the divorce a stronger person. 她走出离婚的阴影，变得更加坚强。
4.to begin to be known or noticed
开始为人所知；兴起
•a religious sect that emerged in the 1830s 兴起于19世纪30年代的一个宗教派别
[+ as]
•Local government has recently emerged as a major issue. 当地政府近来成为人们关注的主要问题。
457
human solidarity
人类团结
458
equitable
/'ekwɪtəbəl,'ekwətəbəl/
formal
treating all people in a fair and equal way
公平合理的；公正的
OPP inequitable
THESAURUS fair
•an equitable distribution of food supplies 所供应食品的合理分配
DERIVATIVE 派生词
equitably adv
•The work should be shared more equitably. 这项工作应该更公平合理地分担。
459
inclusive
1.an inclusive price or cost includes everything
〔价钱或费用〕包括一切的
OPP exclusive
all-inclusive/fully inclusive
•The fully inclusive fare for the trip is £22. 这次出行的全部费用为22英镑。
[+ of]
•The rent is £120 a week, inclusive of heating. 房租连暖气费在内是每星期120英镑。
2.including a wide variety of people, things etc
包容广阔的；范围广的
OPP exclusive
•Not everyone shares his vision of an inclusive America. 不是所有人都同意他的观点，认为美国是个包容性很强的国家。
3.(from) April to June inclusive/15 to 20 inclusive etc
used to refer to a range of months, numbers etc, including the ones that start and end the range
从4月到6月〔包括4月和6月〕/从15到20〔包括15和 20〕
REGISTER 语体
In everyday American English, people usually use through rather than inclusive. 在日常美国英语中，人们一般用through，而不用inclusive
•They are open Monday through Friday. 他们周一到周五开门。
460
military expenditure
军费开支
461
团结
solidarity
oyalty and general agreement between all the people in a group, or between different groups, because they all have a shared aim团结，一致
•a gesture of solidarity 团结的表示
•an appeal for worker solidarity 呼吁工人们团结
show/express/demonstrate your solidarity (with sb)
•I come before you today to express my solidarity with the people of New York. 今天我来到你们大家面前，是为了表示我对纽约人民的支持。
462
military
adj.
1.used by, involving, or relating to the army, navy, or airforce军用的；军事的；军队的
•a military helicopter 军用直升机
•military equipment 军事设备
•The government has threatened to take military action if the rebels do not withdraw from the area. 政府警告说，如果叛乱分子不从该地区撤出，就要采取军事行动。
•The United States is prepared to use military force to achieve its aims. 美国准备动用武力达成目的。
•a raid by European military forces 欧洲军事力量发动的袭击
2.with military precision
if you do something with military precision, you do it in a very organized and exact way
〔像军队一样〕精确而有组织地
•The trips are planned with military precision. 旅程安排得相当精准有序。
DERIVATIVE 派生词
militarily adv
•Europe may have to intervene militarily if the crisis worsens. 如果危机恶化，欧洲将可能不得不进行军事干预。
n.
the military
[also + plural verb BrE,英国英语中亦用复数动词] the military forces of a country
〔一国的〕武装力量，军队
SYN the forces
•He was never tempted to join the military. 他从没动过要去参军的心思。
•The military were sent in to break up the demonstration. 派遣了军队制止游行示威。
in the military
•My brother is in the military. 我兄弟在部队里。
463
R.I.P
rest in peace
| 愿灵安眠
464
house of cards
不切实际无法实现的计划；筹划不周难以成功的计划
| [网络] 纸牌屋；权力场；挚爱
465
ongoing
adj. 不间断的，进行的；前进的
n. 前进；行为，举止
[网络] 进行中的；持续的；进行的
[专业] 正在进行 [法学]
466
undertaking
n. 事业；企业；保证；殡仪业
v. 同意；担任；许诺（undertake的ing形式）
[网络] 任务；许诺
[专业] 企业 [经济学]；责任承担 [法学]；创业 [文学]
467
cultural undertaking
文化事业
468
Mandarin
```
(大写首字母)〈中文〉普通话
n. 国语；官话；满清官吏
(小写)内务官员，政界要员=bureaucrat
adj. 紧身马褂的
n. (Mandarin)人名；(塞)曼达林
[网络] 满大人；柑橘
[专业] 官话 [语言学]；橘 [农业科学]
```
469
education through reaction
寓教于乐
470
A is 倍数+times+名词(rate，size，length，width，depth...+of...) B
| A is ...times as+形容词/副词原型+as+B
A是B的多少倍
471
A is...times+形容词比较级+than
| B
A比B多/少几倍
472
treatment center
治疗中心
473
promising
adj. 有希望的，有前途的
v. 许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）
[网络] 有前途的；有希望的；前途无量
[专业] 有前途的 [计算机科学技术]
474
expertise
n. 专门知识；专门技术；专家的意见
[网络] 专长；专业知识
[专业] 专长 [经济学]；专家知识 [计算机科学技术]；专长 [心理学]
475
managerial
adj. [管理] 管理的；经理的
[网络] 管理者；管理的；管理人员的
[专业] 管理 [经济学]；管理的 [管理学]
476
two-way trade
```
[贸易] 双向贸易
[网络] 双向贸易；双边贸易；双轨贸易
bilateral trade [贸易] 双边贸易
[网络] 双边贸易；双边；双边商业
[专业] 双边贸易 [经济学]
```
477
the US China policy
美国的对华政策
478
pragmatic nature
务实的本质
479
pragmatic
adj. 实际的；实用主义的
[网络] 务实；求真务实
[专业] 语用 [文学]
480
nature
n. 自然；性质；本性；种类
n. (Nature)人名；(法)纳蒂尔
[专业] 本质 [法学]；性质 [经济学]；心 [哲学]
481
engagement
n. 婚约；约会；交战；诺言
n. 参与度（指用户点赞、转发、评论、下载文档、观看视频、咨询等交互行为）
[网络] 订婚
[专业] 婚约 [法学]；介入 [语言学]；参与 [文学]
482
chapter
n. 章，回；（俱乐部、协会等的）分会；人生或历史上的重要时期
| vt. 把…分成章节
483
交流
exchange
484
confront
vt. 面对；=face
遭遇；比较
[网络] 对垒；使面临
485
candor
n. 坦白；直率
| [网络] 康多；率真
486
ancient civilization
古代文明；远古文化
[网络] 远古文明；远古的文明
[专业] 古代文明 [历史学]
487
diplomatic ties
外交关系；邦交
| [网络] 断交
488
in consequence
```
因此；结果
[网络] 由于
as a result
结果
[网络] 因此；结果是
```
489
prosperity
n. 繁荣，成功
[网络] 繁荣；喜事年年；成功
[专业] 繁荣 [经济学]；富强 [法学]；繁荣 [文学]
490
prosperous
adj. 繁荣的；兴旺的
[网络] 繁荣昌盛的；兴旺
[专业] 繁荣 [文学]
491
联合国安理会
the united nations security council
492
council
n. 委员会；会议；理事会；地方议会；顾问班子
n. (Council)人名；(英)康斯尔
[网络] 本局
[专业] 行业协会 [经济学]；幕府 [历史学]
493
abroad
adv. 在国外；到海外
adj. 往国外的
n. 海外；异国
[网络] 国外；出国
[专业] 国外 [经济学]；国外 [法学]
494
the abuse of authority
滥用职权
495
optimize
vt. 使最优化，使完善
vi. 优化；持乐观态度
[网络] 优化编辑器；最佳化
[专业] 优化 [经济学]；优化 [计算机科学技术]；调适 [法学]
496
allocation
n. 分配，配置；安置
[网络] 分配；配置；定位
[专业] 配置 [经济学]；分配 [电子、通信与自动控制技术]；定位 [计算机科学技术]
497
indicator
n. 指标，标志，迹象； 指示器；[试剂] 指示剂；[计] 指示符；压力计
[网络] 指示剂；指标
[专业] 指标 [经济学]；指标 [医药科学]；指示剂 [计算机科学技术]
498
regulation
n. 管理；规则；校准
adj. 规定的；平常的
[网络] 法规；规章
[专业] 规制 [经济学]；规定 [法学]；管理 [医药科学]
499
bot
```
水军bots
网上机器人；自动程序；机器人程式
n. 马蝇幼虫，马蝇
n. (Bot)人名；(俄、荷、罗、匈)博特；(法)博
[网络] 建设；经营；项目
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500
纺织品
textile
501
复印机
copying mechine
| photocopier
502
数码相机
digital camera
503
外汇储备
foreign exchange reserve
504
购买力平价
PPP
Purchasing Power Parity
购买力平价是指货币应以使商品价格在各个国家保持一致的汇率兑换。
505
汇率
exchange rite
506
总量
total
507
surpass
vt. 超越；胜过，优于；非…所能办到或理解
[网络] 超过；胜过
[专业] 超越 [经济学]；超越 [文学]
508
in terms of
依据；按照；在…方面；以…措词
| [网络] 根据
509
prohibition
n. 禁止；禁令；禁酒；诉讼中止令
[网络] 禁酒令
[专业] 限制 [法学]；封禁 [历史学]
510
addictive
adj. 使人上瘾的
[网络] 上瘾的；成瘾的；添加剂
[专业] 成瘾 [医药科学]；添加剂 [农业科学]
511
麻醉剂
anaesthetic
512
opiate
n. 鸦片制剂；麻醉剂；镇静剂
adj. 含鸦片的；安眠的
vt. 用鸦片麻醉；使缓和
[网络] 鸦片剂
[专业] 阿片 [医药科学]
513
提取物
extractive
514
hasty
仓促的
515
slope
n. 斜坡；倾斜；斜率；扛枪姿势
vi. 倾斜；逃走
vt. 倾斜；使倾斜；扛
516
furious
adj. 激烈的；狂怒的；热烈兴奋的；喧闹的
| [网络] 速度与激情；暴怒的
517
index
n. 指标；指数；索引；指针
vi. 做索引
vt. 指出；编入索引中
518
fumble
/'fʌmbl/ vt. 摸索；笨拙地做；漏接
vi. 摸索；笨拙地行动；漏球 n. 摸索；笨拙的处理；漏球
1.(also 又作fumble around)笨手笨脚地做，胡乱摸找
•She reached round to fumble the light on. 她伸手摸索着去开灯。
[+ at/in/with]
•She dressed, her cold fingers fumbling with the buttons. 她穿上衣服，冰冷的手指笨拙地扣着纽扣。
[+ for]
•I fumbled around in my bag for a cigarette. 我在包里摸香烟。
2.支支吾吾地说话，笨嘴笨舌地说
•The second candidate fumbled her lines. 第二个来应试的人念砸了台词。
[+ for]
•Asked for an explanation, Mike had fumbled for words. 被要求作出解释时，迈克支支吾吾地找话说。
3.[I,T] to drop a ball after catching it
丢（球），失（球）
→ see picture at 见 American football
•Quarterback Rattay was hit and fumbled the ball. 四分卫拉蒂被撞了一下，弄丢了球。
519
riddle
vt. 解谜；给...出谜；充满于
n. 谜语；粗筛；谜一般的人、东西、事情等
vi. 出谜
n.
1.a question that is deliberately very confusing and has a humorous or clever answer谜，谜语
RELTD puzzle
•See if you can solve this riddle . 看看你能不能猜出这个谜语。
2.something that you do not understand and cannot explain谜团，奥秘，费解之事
SYN puzzle,mystery
[+ of]
•The police have been unable to solve the riddle of her disappearance. 警方至今未能解开她的失踪之谜。
3.talk/speak in riddles
to say things in a mysterious way that other people cannot understand打哑谜〔指说话让人难以理解〕
•Stop talking in riddles and explain what’s going on! 别打哑谜了，说说是怎么回事！
4.a wire container with holes in it that is used to separate earth from stones〔筛分土石的〕粗筛
v.
1.to make a lot of small holes in something
在…上弄许多小洞
•Two gunmen riddled the bus with gunfire. 两个持枪歹徒把公共汽车打得千疮百孔。
2.to shake the coal or wood in a fire, in order to remove ash es摇动〔炉栅〕使灰落下
520
poker face
一本正经的面容；面无表情的人
521
共同......
shared......
522
共同繁荣
| 共同安全
shared prosperity
| shared security
523
.......导向型
| 面向.......
......oriented
524
服务型社会
service-oriented government
525
面向市场
market-oriented
526
高油耗的
gas-guzzling
adj. 耗油的；高油耗的；吞油的
[网络] 非常耗油的；耗油高
527
air-polluting
会造成空气污染的
| 污染空气的
528
overpopulated
adj. 人口过多的
v. 使人口过密（overpopulate的过去分词）
[网络] 人口多的；人口众多的；人口过密的
529
overpopulation
人口过剩
530
ASEAN
abbr. 东南亚国家联盟（东盟）（Association of Southeast Asian Nations）
531
obesity
/o'bisəti/
| n. 肥大，肥胖
532
diabetes
糖尿病
533
在校生
internal student
校内学生；
student at school
534
海外留学生
overseas student
535
港澳台留学生
Students from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan
536
本科生
undergraduate
537
研究生
graduate student
538
博士生
doctoral student
