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Tox Final Exam > Zootoxins > Flashcards

Zootoxins Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of bufo toad intoxication?

A

cane or marine toad (Bufo marinus)–colorado river toad (Bufo alvarius)

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2
Q

Where can you find cane or marine toads?

A

Florida, South Texas, Hawaii, Puerto Rico

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3
Q

Where can you find colorado river toad?

A

Southwestern United States from Arizona to California

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4
Q

Toxins found in these toads include?

A

catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) and serotonin, bufotenine, bufagenins, bufotoxins, indole alkylamines

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5
Q

Properties of bufo toad toxin?

A

bufotenine–hallucinogenic effect, bufagenins and bufotoxins–cardioactive steroids similar to digitalis, indole alkyl amines–similar to hallucinogen LSD

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6
Q

What species are most susceptible to bufo toad intoxication?

A

dogs–cats and ferrets can be poisoned

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7
Q

What season and time of day is bufo toad intoxication most common?

A

summer and evening–bc most of the toads are nocturnal

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8
Q

What dose of bufo toad toxin causes signs of poisoning?

A

1 mg/kg

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9
Q

ADME of bufo toad toxin?

A

A=MM of mouth, gastric mucosa, conjunctiva and open skin wound
D=all over body including CNS
M=catecholamines metabolized by MAO and COMT enzymes and undergo neuronal uptake
E=in urine (bufogenins)

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10
Q

MOA of bufo toad toxin?

A

direct irritation of MM–main organs of toxicity are heart, blood vessels, CNS–bufogenins and bufotoxins have a digitalis-like effect by inhibiting Na/K ATPase–indole alkyl amines have a hallucinogenic effect similar to LSD–bufotenine has a vasoconstrictor effect and a hallucinogenic effect

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11
Q

Clinical signs of bufo toad intoxication?

A

first signs–>irritation of oral MM such as hyper salivation (foaming), brick-red MM, vocalization and V+
neurologic signs–>disorientation, ataxia, circling, seizures, opisthotonos, hyperthermia, coma
cardio signs–>tachypnea, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, or bradycardia and collapse

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12
Q

Onset of clinical signs from bufo toad intoxication occurs within?

A

a few minutes of exposure

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13
Q

What lesions are seen in bufo toad intoxication?

A

no lesions seen

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14
Q

Laboratory diagnosis for bufo toad intoxication?

A

digoxin levels may be elevated–moderate increases in hemoglobin content, PCV, blood glucose, BUN, alkaline phosphatase, serum potassium, calcium and phosphorus

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15
Q

Differential diagnosis for bufo toad intoxication?

A

dzes that cause seizures, cardiac toxicity, hyperthermia and caustics

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16
Q

Examples of dzes that cause seizures?

A

metaldehydes, theobromine, cholinesterase inhibitors, idiopathic epilepsy, infectious meningoencephalitis and brain tumors

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17
Q

Examples of dzes that cause cardiac toxicity?

A

digitalis toxicity, poisoning by plants containing cardiac glycosides such as oleander

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18
Q

Examples of dzes that cause hyperthermia?

A

heat stroke and acute infectious disease

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19
Q

Examples of caustics?

A

acids, alkalis, detergents and bleaches

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20
Q

Treatment of bufo toad intoxication?

A

flush mouth w/ water; activated charcoal; controlling seizures–>diazepam, pentobarbital, propofol, glucocorticoids, furosemide, mannitol; atropine for bradycardia, to decrease secretions and a bronchodilator; controlling tachycardia and supra ventricular arrhythmias–>beta blockers such as propanol or atenolol; controlling ventricular arrhythmias–>lidocaine and procainamide; digoxin immune Fab used to bind bufagenins and bufotoxins; supportive care–>fluid therapy for dehydration and hyperthermia

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21
Q

Atropine is contraindicated in animals with?

A

tachycardia

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22
Q

Prognosis for animals with bufo toad intoxication?

A

good for treated animals

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23
Q

Name 2 different poisonous snake families in North America.

A

pit vipers, crotalid family (Crotalidae)–coral snakes (Elapidae)

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24
Q

Name 3 different pit vipers, Crotalid family members.

A

rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)–copperheads (Agkistrodon contortix)–cottonmouths, water moccasins (Agkistrodon piscivorus)

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25
Q

Why is Crotalidae known as pit vipers?

A

bc of temperature sensitive pits between the eyes and the nostrils

26
Q

What are the characteristics of pit vipers?

A

head is broad and triangular, pupils are vertical prominent elliptical slits, have retractable fans in the upper jaw

27
Q

T/F Venoms are a combination of enzymatic and nonenzymatic proteins and amino acids.

A

TRUE

28
Q

Nonenzymatic proteins and peptides are called what?

A

killing fraction

29
Q

What states in the US will you not find pit vipers?

A

Maine, Alaska and Hawaii

30
Q

T/F Most pit viper bites are due to rattlesnakes.

A

FALSE–copperheads

31
Q

What species are the most susceptible to pit viper snake bites?

A

dogs–but cats and horses are also susceptible

32
Q

What species are the most sensitive to pit viper intoxication?

A

dogs–but cats are also usually severely affected

33
Q

List the pit vipers from most to least toxic.

A

rattlesnakes > cottonmouths > copperheads

34
Q

Severity of a pit viper bite depends upon what 3 factors?

A

potency of the venom, amount of venom and season (90% April-October)

35
Q

MOA of pit viper venom?

A

hyaluronidase causes venom to spread–phospholipase A2 disrupts cell membranes, uncouples phosphorylation and releases vasoactive amines–enzymatic and non enzymatic proteins have hematoxic, cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects–primary effect is hypocoagulation

36
Q

Clinical signs of pit viper intoxication?

A

local tissue rxns including puncture wounds, fang marks, bleeding, edema, swelling, ecchymosis, petechiation, necrosis

37
Q

Onset of clinical signs after a pit viper bite?

A

may be rapid or delayed for several hours

38
Q

Are all pit viper bite envenomatous?

A

NO! they will have mild local signs, no systemic signs, normal lab findings

39
Q

Laboratory diagnosis for pit viper intoxication?

A

hematologic changes include echinocytosis, hemolysis, hemoconcentration, increased/decreased coagulation time, DIC–hypokalemia, sometimes hyperkalemia, liver/renal failure

40
Q

T/F You can detect toxins in the tissue as part of your lab diagnosis of pit viper toxin.

A

FALSE–it is not practical!

41
Q

Differential diagnosis for pit viper intoxication?

A

insect bites, stings, animal bites, penetrating wounds, draining abscesses, trauma

42
Q

First aid measures that should be taken post pit viper intoxication?

A

keep animal calm, keep bite site below heart level, monitor swelling, hospitalize ASAP, monitor closely for several hours, IV catheter, avoid incision and suction of the bite site to decrease venom absorption

43
Q

Antivenin is available for pit viper intoxication for what species?

A

dogs

44
Q

Instructions for use of polyvalent crotalid antivenin?

A

recommended in moderate and severe envenomation and animals showing systemic signs–at least one vial is needed, more vials added depends on clinical signs and lab findings–administer as soon as possible–expensive

45
Q

What do you need to worry about when giving antivenin?

A

may cause allergic reactions

46
Q

What can be given to reduce allergic reactions to antivenin and as a sedative?

A

Diphenhydramine IV or SC

47
Q

Anaphylactoid reactions caused by antivenin can be treated with?

A

epinephrine, corticosteroids and fluid therapy

48
Q

What else should be done for animal affected by pit viper intoxication?

A

fluid therapy, blood or blood products transfusion, broad spectrum Abs, control pain by I

49
Q

What medications should be avoided in animal affected by pit viper intoxication?

A

morphine (histamine release), corticosteroids and NSAIDs

50
Q

A rattlesnake vaccine is available for what species?

A

dog

51
Q

Instructions for rattlesnake vaccine?

A

protects against all NA rattlesnakes except Mojave–protect against copperhead bites–administered in 2 doses 2-4 wks apart then once every yr

52
Q

T/F A vaccinated dog that has been bitten is not considered a medical emergency and does not need antivenin.

A

FALSE!–still need to take it seriously and may need antivenin

53
Q

Location of different coral snakes in the US?

A

central and southeastern Arizona and southwest New Mexico–>Sonoran coral snake (Micruroides euryxanthus)
eastern N. Carolina, central Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Mississippi river–>eastern coral snake (Microbus fulvius fulvius)
eastern and south central Texas, and southern Arkansas and Louisiana–>Texas coral snake (Micrurus fulvius tenere)
southern Florida–>south Florida coral snake (Micrurus fulvius barbouri)

54
Q

General characteristics of coral snakes?

A

sonoran coral snake–>small, not aggressive, nocturnal, not very toxic
Micrurus coral snakes–>black head, alternating bands of black, yellow (or white) and red, small head which is not triangular w/ rounded pupils, short fixed fangs, diurnal, require chewing action to inject venom bc of a poor venom delivery system

55
Q

What percentage of bites by coral snakes are nonenvenomating?

A

60%–also bites by coral snakes are rare

56
Q

MOA of coral snake venom?

A

little tissue rxn and tissue destruction caused by hyaluronidase, proteinase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease and phospholipase–primary effect neurotoxic–nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade, CNS depression, muscle paralysis, vasomotor instability–hemolysis w/ severe anemia and hemoglobinuria in dogs

57
Q

Clinical signs of coral snake intoxication?

A

puncture wounds, CNS depression, quadriplegia w/ decreased spinal reflexes, resp paralysis, hypotension, ventricular tachycardia, aspiration pneumonia

58
Q

Onset of clinical signs due to coral snake intoxication?

A

few to several hours

59
Q

Difference in clinical signs from coral snake intoxication between dogs and cats?

A

dog–>intravascular hemolysis, anemia, hemoglobinuria, V+, salivate
cats–>do not show hemolysis, anemia or hemoglobinuria

60
Q

Laboratory diagnosis for coral snake intoxication?

A

elevation of fibrinogen and creatine kinase–RBC morphological changes, anemia, hemoglobinuria in dogs–rads show aspiration pneumonia

61
Q

Differential diagnosis for coral snake intoxication?

A

tick paralysis, botulism, myasthenia gravis

62
Q

Treatment for coral snake intoxication?

A

Micrurus fulvius antivenin, life support and symptomatic tx same as pit vipers

Tox Final Exam (9 decks)

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