Household Products Part 1 Flashcards
Name the 2 sources of alcohol toxicosis.
ethanol and methanol
Name the sources of ethanol toxicosis.
ingestion of ethanol containing beverages, fermented bread dough, rotten fruits–inhalation and dermal use of ethanol containing shampoos
Name the sources of methanol toxicosis.
ingestion of methanol containing automotive windshield fluid antifreezes or paint remover
Properties of alcohol?
volatile, irritant, high lipid soluble
What is the oral lethal dose of ethanol and methanol?
4-9 ml/kg
T/F Dogs and cats are the species most commonly intoxicated by alcohols.
FALSE–rarely intoxicated
Diets containing 18-60% glucose have caused ethanol toxicosis d/t yeast fermentation in the GI tract in what species?
calves, lambs and pigs
Ethanol (byproduct of production for fuel) and methanol (antifreeze in oil industry) toxicosis have been reported in what species?
cattle
ADME of alcohol?
A=absorbed orally–food delays absorption
D=widely–including CNS
M=ethanol metabolized by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde–acetaldehyde metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate–acetate converted to acetyl CoA then to carbon dioxide and water
MOA of alcohol toxicosis?
ethanol/methanol cause CNS depression as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol–acetaldehyde has vasodilator action and induces V+–acetate causes metabolic acidosis–ethanol inhibits ADH–irritation of MM
T/F Formic acid accumulation and blindness occur in humans and not dogs.
TRUE!
What are the 2 types of alcohol toxicosis?
acute and chronic
What are the clinical signs of acute alcohol toxicosis?
rapid onset of CNS depression–abnormal behavior such as vocalization, excitement and disorientation–V+ and abnormal breath odor–hypothermia, tremor and ataxia–congested MM
T/F Methanol toxicosis also causes polydipsia and dehydration.
FALSE–ethanol!
What is the cause of death in acute toxicosis?
respiratory failure
What are the clinical signs of chronic alcohol toxicosis?
liver and kidney damage
Postmortem lesions seen in alcohol toxicosis?
congestion of GI mucosa, liver, kidney and lungs
Laboratory diagnosis for alcohol toxicosis?
blood alcohol levels (>1-1.5 g/L ethanol) and hypoglycemia
Is there a specific antidote for ethanol toxicosis? If so, what is it?
NOOOOOO!
Is there a specific antidote for methanol toxicosis? If so, what is it?
YES! ethanol and fomepizole can be used as antidotes
How else can you treat alcohol toxicosis?
emetics in recent ingestion, gastric lavage, activated charcoal (not effective generally), supportive/symptomatic tx
What is included in the supportive/symptomatic tx of alcohol toxicosis?
IV injection of thiamine, sodium bicarb in lactated ringers solution, assisted ventilation, naloxone used to antagonize CNS depression, body temp should be monitored
Uses of phenolic compounds?
disinfectants, antiseptics, germicides, creosote, TCP, and household cleaners–derived from coal tar
What is the oral LD50 of phenolic compounds for most species?
0.5g/kg
What species are most sensitive and why?
cats bc they are deficient in glucuronidation
ADME of phenolic compounds?
A=from GIT, poor from intact skin (depends on concentration and surface area exposed)
M=mainly in liver–glucuronidation
E=metabolites in urine–glucuronide and sulfate conjugates
T/F Phenolic compounds are caustic.
TRUE!
T/F Phenolic compounds may cause red or brown urine.
FALSE–green or black!
MOA of phenolic compound toxicosis?
denature and precipitate cellular proteins leading to direct irritation causing coagulative necrosis; hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and neurotoxic; stimulate resp center causing hyperventilation and resp alkalosis
Damage to the liver, kidneys and nervous system with phenolic compound toxicosis occurs within?
12-24 hrs
Clinical signs of phenolic compound toxicosis?
oral mucosa and skin–>coagulative necrosis, ulceration, white plaques, intense pain
ocular exposure–>corneal ulcerations
systemic–>ataxia, weakness, tremors, seizures, coma
characteristic phenolic odor of breath and skin
T/F Phenolic compound toxicosis causes methemoglobinemia and icterus.
TRUE!
Methemoglobinemia causes what color MMs?
muddy brown
Lesions seen with phenolic acid toxicosis?
ulceration and necrosis of GI mucosa and/or skin; liver changes–>severe centrilobular hyperemia, fatty degeneration and necrosis of the liver; kidney changes–>renal tubular degeneration and necrosis
Laboratory diagnosis of phenolic compound toxicosis?
chem analysis–>detect in urine unchanged or metabolites; hemolysis/methemoglobin; resp alkalosis; proteinuria and hematuria; elevated serum liver enzymes
Mix 10 mL of urine with 1 mL of 20% ferric chloride resulting in _____ color is phenols present.
purple
T/F Can use emetics or gastric lavage to decontaminate phenolic compounds.
FALSE–will cause mucosal damage
What can you use to decontaminate ingested phenol compounds?
milk, egg whites, followed by activated charcoal and saline cathartics–water is controversial
What can you use to decontaminate skin and eyes of phenolic compounds?
skin–>rapidly with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or glycerol followed by mild dish soap
note: do not use oily dressings–enhances absorption
eyes–>flush 20-30 mins with isotonic, isothermal saline
Supportive care for phenolic compound toxicosis?
N-acetylcysteine to limit liver/kidney damage; methylene blue, ascorbic acid if methemoglobinemia–concerns about tox in cats; fluid therapy increase renal elimination; cardiovascular, renal function and acid base status should be monitored
What are the 3 different classifications for detergents?
nonionic, anionic and cationic detergents
Rank the toxicities of the different detergents from least to most toxic.
nonionic- anionic - cationic
Examples of nonionic detergents?
soap, shampoo, dish soap, some laundry soaps
Examples of anionic detergents?
sulfonate or phosphorylated hydrocarbons; laundry detergent, dishwasher detergent, some shampoos
Examples of cationic detergents?
quaternary ammonium compounds that contain a halogen–fabric softeners, liquid potpourri, germicides, sanitizers
Uses of detergents?
general home cleaners, liquid potpourris, more concentrated products available to reduce packaging
Source of detergent toxicosis?
accidental ingestion or dermal exposure
MOA of detergents?
corrosive–direct irritation of akin and MM
quaternary ammonium compounds may be corrosive and may cause systemic toxicity–unclear mechanism perhaps neuromuscular block (paralysis)
Clinical signs of detergent toxicosis?
ingestion causes nausea, V+, D+ and colic. generally not fatal w/ non-ionic or anionic. quaternary ammonium compounds–>severe GI signs, dehydration, shock and collapse, also systemic signs similar to insecticides. dermal exposure may cause irritation–most severe w/ cationic
Treatment for nonionic detergent toxicosis?
rinse w/ copious water
Treatment for anionic detergent toxicosis?
water/milk for ingestion, activated charcoal if large quantities, bathing for dermal exposure, supportive care
Treatment for cationic detergent toxicosis?
water/milk/egg whites or activated charcoal to dilute and neutralize the alkaline; wash skin w/ soap and water
T/F Emesis and gastric lavage are generally contraindicated in cationic detergent toxicosis.
TRUE!
