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Tox Final Exam > Industry Related Toxicants > Flashcards

Industry Related Toxicants Flashcards

1
Q

Types of petroleum products?

A

crude oil–sweet crude oil and sour crude oil; refined petroleum products–aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

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2
Q

Properties of sweet crude oil?

A

rich in low temp distillates–such as gasoline, kerosene and naphtha

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3
Q

Properties of sour crude oil?

A

contains high sulfur, but less low temp distillates–such as lubricating oil and gas oil

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4
Q

Name the different categories of refined petroleum products.

A

Short chain aliphatics (5 carbons), chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons

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5
Q

Uses of petroleum products?

A

fuels–propane, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil; solvents–paint thinners, engine degreaser, carriers for insecticides, paints and medications; lubricant–motor oil, waxes, asphalt

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6
Q

Source of petroleum product toxicosis?

A

petroleum distillates–ie gas, kerosene, lubricating oils, fuel oils, diesel oil (farms/houses); crude petroleum (drilling operations); oil spills during transport; open containers of oil, kerosene, gas (cattle)

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7
Q

Properties of petroleum products?

A

highly irritant to MM, oily, many contain toxic materials, some oils contain chlorinated naphthalenes (very stable)

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8
Q

Chlorinated naphthalenes can cause ________.

A

bovine skin hyperkeratosis–thickening of the stratrum corneum (the outermost layer of the epidermis)

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9
Q

T/F Sour crude is more toxic than sweet crude.

A

FALSE! Sweet crude is more toxic than sour crude.

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10
Q

What species are the most susceptible to petroleum product toxicosis?

A

cattle–but horses, cats, dogs are also susceptible

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11
Q

T/F Long chain aliphatics cause aspiration pneumonia.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

T/F Short chain aliphatics have high toxicity and are very volatile.

A

FALSE–they are very volatile but they have a low toxicity

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13
Q

Examples of short chain aliphatics?

A

Methane, ethane, propane, and butane

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14
Q

Examples of long chain aliphatics?

A

Gasoline, kerosine, petroleum distillates (vehicles for insecticides), mineral seal oil, and Stoddard solvent

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15
Q

Examples of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethane, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene (found in dry cleaning and degreasing solvents)

note:toxicity listed in descending order

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16
Q

Examples of aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

benzene, toluene, xylene–Used in quick-drying paints, resins, glues, and plastics

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17
Q

_______ at 60 ppm in air following prolonged exposure can cause bone marrow suppression.

A

aromatic hydrocarbons

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18
Q

What animals are most frequently poisoned with refined petroleum products?

A

small animals

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19
Q

What animals are highly susceptible to oil spills?

A

aquatic wildlife and birds

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20
Q

Physicochemical properties of petroleum products?

A
  • products with high boiling points such as asphalt, mineral oil or waxes are relatively non-toxic because of poor absorption
  • more volatile compounds are generally more toxic because of more absorption
  • products of low boiling points, low viscosity and low surface tension generally have more pneumotoxic potential
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21
Q

ADME of petroleum products?

A

A=readily from GI mucosa, intact skin, inhalation M=aliphatic hydrocarbons–in liver by oxidation and aromatic hydrocarbons–by hydroxylation to phenols and carboxylic acids E=volatile aliphatic hydrocarbons–partly by lungs and aromatic hydrocarbons–as conjugates with glucuronic acid, sulfuric acid, or glycine in urine or bile note: oily substance aspirated into lungs cannot be eliminated by coughing or ciliary activity

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22
Q

T/F Absorption is inversely proportional to molecule weight.

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbons are _____ readily absorbed than aliphatic hydrocarbons.

A

more

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24
Q

Effects of petroleum product toxicosis?

A

aspiration pneumonia, inhalation causes chemical pneumonitis, GI tract signs, systemic effects such as CNS depression, liver/kidney damage, bone marrow suppression (aromatic hydrocarbons)

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25
Q

MOA behind aspiration pneumonia in petroleum toxicosis?

A

ingestion of irritant oils leads to vomiting resulting in asp pneumonia; animals may not vomit; direct contact causes rapid dissolution of the lipid part of cell membranes resulting in swelling, edema, bronchoconstriction and necrosis; death d/t anoxemia and possible toxemia from bact infection of lungs

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26
Q

MOA behind GI signs in petroleum toxicosis?

A

direct irritation of GI mucosa causes V+, D+ and colic recall for V+: animals considered nonemetic horse, rat, rabbits, guinea pigs and Japanese quail

27
Q

Some hydrocarbons such as chloroform sensitive the myocardium to ___________.

A

endogenous catecholamines

28
Q

Clinical signs of petroleum product toxicosis?

A

signs of asp pneumonia such as shivering, incoordination, anorexia, weight loss, coughing, dyspnea and abnormal lung sounds; smell of oil or kerosene; oil in feces; CNS signs

29
Q

Pathology of petroleum product toxicosis?

A

ulceration of tracheal mucosa, oil in bronchi/GI tract, degeneration and necrosis of liver/kidney (aliphatic hydrocarbons)

30
Q

Lab diagnosis of petroleum product toxicosis?

A

oil in GI contents (floats on surface); aromatic hydrocarbons cause anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia; rads demonstrate asp pneumonia

31
Q

Differential diagnosis of petroleum product toxicosis?

A

other pneumonias

32
Q

Prognosis of petroleum product toxicosis?

A

depends on severity; severe cases guarded to poor–d/t persistence of oil in lungs

33
Q

Treatment of petroleum product toxicosis?

A

remove oil from body surface w/ soap/water; activated charcoal or mineral oil; cage rest; symptomatic/supportive therapy (resp support, ABs, fluid therapy, blood transfusion)

34
Q

What is contraindicated in the treatment of petroleum product toxicosis?

A

emetics, gastric lavage, glucocorticoids

35
Q

Uses of fluoride?

A

sodium fluoride–wood treatment; sodium fluoalmuniate–plant insecticide; hydrofluoric acid–industrial toxicant

36
Q

Source of fluoride toxicosis?

A

industrial contamination of forages/pastures, natural waters, feed/mineral supplements, normal constituent of forages and plants that grow in fluoride rich soil (herbaceous part not seeds)

37
Q

Properties of fluoride?

A

reacts w/ variety of other organic/inorganic compounds and has high affinity for calcium, aluminum, iron

38
Q

T/F Acute fluoride toxicosis is more common than chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

FALSE

39
Q

What is another name for chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

fluorosis

40
Q

What species do you commonly see chronic fluoride toxicosis in?

A

herbivores esp dairy cattle

41
Q

T/F Soluble sodium fluoride (NaF) is more toxic than calcium fluoride (CaF2).

A

TRUE

42
Q

_______ animals are more sensitive to chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

young–those developing bones and teeth!

43
Q

ADME of fluoride?

A

A=intestinal tract D=throughout body, crosses placenta E=mainly urine

44
Q

T/F Fluoride crosses the placenta and causes teratogenic effects.

A

FALSE–can cross placenta but generally the fetus is not affected

45
Q

T/F Milk fluoride is readily absorbed via GIT tract.

A

FALSE–not readily absorbed

46
Q

Where is fluoride mainly stored in the body?

A

bones and teeth (96%)–normal level in cattle bone is 1000-1500 ppm

47
Q

Tissue fluoride can become elevated _______ times in toxicosis.

A

2-3 times

48
Q

MOA of acute fluoride toxicosis?

A

caustic effect on GI mucosa, hypocalcemia, coag defects, increased capillary permeability, inhibition of many enzymes (cellular resp and energy)

49
Q

MOA of chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

Alternation and delaying of mineralization of teeth–damage to ameloblasts/odontoblasts, brown/black discoloration of defective enamel due to oxidation of organic material in teeth. Alteration and delaying of mineralization of bone–abnormal bone produced, osteoporosis.

50
Q

Onset of action of acute fluoride toxicosis?

A

fast–within 30 minutes

51
Q

Clinical signs of acute fluoride toxicosis?

A

gastroenteritis (may be hemorrhagic, excessive salivation, V+), urination/defecation, CNS stimulation and clonic seizures, stiffness and weakness, weight loss and decreased milk production, death from resp or cardiac failure

52
Q

Onset of action of chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

slow–6-12 months

53
Q

Clinical signs of chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

intermittent lameness, painful stiff gait, bony exostoses seen or felt on legs, spontaneous fractures, teeth mottling and patchy loss of dentine, brown color around eroded teeth areas, anorexia, emaciation, rough hair coat, reduced milk production and reproduction

54
Q

Pathology of acute fluoride toxicosis?

A

hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, hemorrhages, congestion and edema of various organs–incl brain

55
Q

Pathology of chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

dental lesions most severe in developing teeth, bone lesions–hyperostosis, porous, enlargement, chalky white in appearance and roughening

56
Q

Histopathologic changes in fluoride toxicosis?

A

uneven mineralization, excessive osteoid tissue, cortical thickening, and periosteal hyperostosis

57
Q

Where do the bone lesions typically begin in chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

bilaterally on the medial side of the proximal third of the metatarsals

58
Q

Where do the bone lesions progress to in chronic fluoride toxicosis after metatarsals?

A

mandible, metacarpals, ribs, spine, and joints

59
Q

Lab diagnosis of fluoride toxicosis?

A

chem analysis–>bone biopsy or necropsy, levels >1500 ppm, elevated urine levels confirm recent exposure, feed/water samples for fluoride. micro/rad exam of bone

60
Q

What factors can help diagnose fluoride toxicosis?

A

history of exposure, intermittent lameness, dental/skeletal lesions, fluoride analysis

61
Q

Differential diagnosis for fluoride toxicosis?

A

vit D deficiency, parathyroid dz

62
Q

Treatment and prevention of fluoride toxicosis?

A

no known way to mobilize fluoride from bone, feed and water containing excess fluoride can be diluted w/ uncontaminated feed/water, etc.

63
Q

Tolerance of fluoride can be increased by a balanced intake of what 3 things?

A

Ca, P, vit D

64
Q

What can be given orally and will form insoluble compounds with fluoride in the gut preventing fluoride toxicosis?

A

aluminum salts, calcium carbonate, defluorinated phosphate

Tox Final Exam (9 decks)

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