Toxic Principles in Plants Flashcards
1
Q
MOA of insoluble calcium oxalate?
A
plant cells have needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals that penetrate the oral mucosa and tongue
2
Q
Clinical signs of insoluble calcium oxalate?
A
irritation of lips, mouth, throat, V+, some cases die of suffocation
3
Q
MOA of soluble calcium oxalate?
A
bind to Ca and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissues and kidney
4
Q
Clinical signs of soluble calcium oxalate?
A
hypocalcemia, kidney damage
5
Q
MOA of isocupressic acid?
A
vasoconstriction and decrease in uterine blood flow–increased fetal cortisol levels
6
Q
Clinical signs of isocupressic acid?
A
abortion in cattle
7
Q
MOA of quinone?
A
primary photosensitization
8
Q
Clinical signs of quinone?
A
erythema and pruritus, edema, and necrosis of skin–secondary bacterial infections
9
Q
MOA of tannic acid?
A
tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage
10
Q
Clinical signs of tannic acid?
A
cattle–>constipation, brown urine, atony, anorexia, depression
monogastrics–>mainly GI
11
Q
MOA of triterpene acid?
A
liver damage and hepatic photosensitization
12
Q
Clinical signs of triterpene acid?
A
depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, icterus, photophobia, erythema of skin, swelling, necrosis and sloughing
13
Q
MOA of colchicine?
A
anti mitotic by binding to tubular and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division
14
Q
Clinical signs of colchicine?
A
involves many organs
15
Q
MOA of diterpene alkaloids?
A
Competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare
16
Q
Clinical signs of diterpene alkaloids?
A
- sudden death in cattle
- Early signs are signs of neuromuscular blockade including muscle weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating, recumbency, and collapse
- Monkshood also show cardiac arrhythmias
17
Q
Treatment for diterpene alkaloid toxicosis?
A
antidote is physostigmine or neostigmine
18
Q
MOA and clinical signs of ergot alkaloids?
A
vasoconstriction and gangrene, uterine contraction
19
Q
MOA of indolizidine alkaloids?
A
inhibition of lysosomal enzymes (decreased glycoproteins), peripheral neuronal degeneration (via nitropropanol glycoside also found in plants), abnormal hoof and hair (via selenium also found in plants)
20
Q
Clinical signs of indolizidine alkaloids?
A
neuronal signs; depression, incoordination, ataxia, circling, abnormal behavior
infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, wt. loss, dec immune
21
Q
MOA of lycorine?
A
emetic and purgative–bulb is most toxic
22
Q
Clinical signs of lycorine?
A
anorexia, salivation, V+, D+, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures
23
Q
MOA of muscarine?
A
stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors
24
Q
Treatment of muscarine?
A
antidote is atropine, symptomatic tx and decontamination
25
MOA of piperidine alkaloids?
nicotinic effects starting w/ ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and neuromuscular blockade
26
Clinical signs of piperidine alkaloids?
ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation and cleft palate)
27
MOA of pyridine alkaloids (nicotine and lobeline)?
Nicotine and lobeline act on nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular junction and some synapses in the CNS. low doses cause depolarization. large doses cause blockade
28
Clinical signs of pyridine alkaloids (nicotine and lobeline)?
* Rapid onset of clinical signs
* Early signs are excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, and tachypnea
* Muscle twitching, muscle weakness, and dyspnea • Death is due to respiratory failure
29
MOA of pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
hepatotoxic
30
MOA of solanine and solanidine alkaloids?
GI, CNS, respiratory, cardiac
31
MOA of taxine alkaloids?
cardiotoxic and GI
32
MOA of xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, theophylline, theobromide)?
blocking adenosine (A) receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterase
33
Clinical signs of xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, theophylline, theobromide)?
salivation, V+, colic, D+, CNS stimulation, convulsive seizures, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination
34
MOA of anthraquinone?
purgative
35
MOA of calcinogenic glycosides (vit D analog)?
hypercalcemia; calcification of elastic tissues of the arteries, tendons and ligaments and increased density of bone
36
Clinical signs of carcinogenic glycosides (vit D analog)?
lameness
37
MOA of carboxyatractyloside (sulfated glycoside)?
hepatotoxicity, renal damage, hypoglycemia, excessive salivation
38
MOA of cardiac glycoside?
cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase
39
MOA of coumarin glycoside?
form dicoumarol in spoiled plants. inhibit vit K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of coag factors 2, 7, 9, 10
40
Clinical signs of coumarin glycoside?
hemorrhage
41
MOA of cyanogenic glycosides?
Acute-->inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration, vasoconstriction, inhibition of glycolysis, inhibition of citric acid cycle, irritation of MM
Chronic-->neuronal degeneration
42
MOA of cycasin?
glycoside that causes GI irritation and liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)-->neurotoxic AA, unknown toxin-->axonal degeneration in CNS
43
Clinical signs of cycasin?
GI and liver disease syndrome or ataxia and CNS syndrome
44
MOA of glucosinolate (thiocyanate glycoside)?
antithyroid
45
MOA of nitropropanol glycoside?
inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation
46
Clinical signs of nitropropanol glycoside?
cattle and sheep-->respiratory and neuro signs (cracker heels or roaring dz)
horses and rodents-->neuro signs
47
MOA of phytoestrogens?
bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males
48
Clinical signs of phytoestrogens?
infertility in females, decreased libido and feminization in males
49
MOA of protoanemonin?
volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside
50
Clinical signs of protoanemonin?
severe irritation of the GI mucosa and dermatitis
51
MOA ptaquiloside?
death of precursor cells in BM, neoplasm in the UT, tumors in the URT and retinal degeneration
52
Clinical signs of ptaquiloside?
aplastic anemia, enzootic hematuria
53
MOA of steroidal saponins?
liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin, a metabolite of chlorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance--hepatogenic photosensitization
54
Clinical signs of steroidal saponins?
signs of photosensitization and liver damage
55
MOA of gossypol?
cardiotoxic and secondary liver damage, destroys seminiferous tubules, binds to proteins, AA, and iron
56
Clinical signs of gossypol?
chronic-->cardiotoxic, male infertility
| monogastrics more sensitive
57
MOA of molybdenum?
signs of copper deficiency including watery bubbly diarrhea, wasting, depigmentation, demyelination, osteoporosis
58
MOA of copper?
liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia
59
MOA of selenium?
acute-->GI irritation and respiratory signs
| chronic-->hoof and hair abnormalities
60
MOA of nitrate?
acute-->GI irritation. nitrate is reduced to nitrite by nitrate reductase. nitrite causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron and formation of methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs d/t inability of the blood to carry oxygen. fetal methemoglobinemia and death causing abortion.
chronic--> decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion. reduced performance
61
MOA of dimethyl disulfide?
oxidation of RBCs
62
Clinical signs of dimethyl disulfide?
anemia, depression, hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia, icterus, cyanosis
63
MOA of diterpene esters?
activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction
64
Clinical signs of diterpene esters?
irritation and blistering of GI mucosa-->salivation, V+, D+ (maybe w/ blood)
65
MOA of grayanotoxins?
binds to Na channels in excitable cells, increased permeability and depolarization, irritation of GI mucosa
66
Clinical signs of grayanotoxins?
GI signs, depression, recumbancy, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever. death d/t aspiration pneumonia
67
MOA of lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)?
inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death
68
Clinical signs of lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)?
GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
69
MOA of meliatoxin?
enterotoxic, neurotoxic
70
Clinical signs of meliatoxin?
GI signs (maybe w/ blood), CNS and peripheral neuronal signs similar to nicotine poisoning, death from respiratory failure
71
MOA of propyl disulfide?
oxygen free radicals-->damage RBC membranes-->heinz bodies
72
Clinical signs of propyl disulfide?
anorexia, ataxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, icterus, onion odor, abortion
73
MOA of tetradymol?
liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin, a metabolite of chlorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance, hepatogenic photosensitization
74
Clinical signs of tetradymol?
sheep-->anorexia, depression, incoordination, dyspnea, icterus, head pressing, skin swelling, erythema, necrosis, sloughing, secondary bacT infections
75
MOA of thiaminase?
destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine (vit B1) deficiency in mono gastric animals (neurotoxic)
76
MOA of triterpenoid saponins?
direct irritation of GI mucosa
77
Clinical signs of triterpenoid saponins?
salivation, V+, anorexia, D+, colic, hypothermia
78
MOA of resin or resinoids?
irritation of nervous or muscle tissue
79
MOA of alsike clover and red clover ingestion?
hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in horses only, hepatic encephalopathy at large amount
80
Clinical signs of alsike clover and red clover ingestion?
lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis, sloughing of skin
81
MOA of avocado ingestion?
cardiotoxicity in goats, horses, rabbits and caged birds. non infectious mastitis and agalactia in cattle, horses, goats and rabbits.
82
MOA of black walnut ingestion?
ingestion of fresh shavings made form heartwood (used in bedding) causes laminitis
83
MOA of forage induced photosensitization?
primary photosensitization and secondary photosensitization due to liver damage
84
Clinical of forage induced photosensitization?
lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, pruritus, edema, necrosis, sloughing of skin
85
MOA of grape and raisin ingestion?
unknown toxin causes renal failure only in dogs
86
Clinical signs of grape and raisin ingestion?
GI signs including V+ followed by signs of ARF
87
MOA of lily ingestion?
unknown toxin causes renal failure only in cats, GI irritation in dogs and cats
88
Clinical signs of lily ingestion?
GI signs including salivation, V+, depression and complete anorexia, PU followed by anuria and death from RF
89
MOA of pigweed ingestion?
acute-->nitrate causing methemoglobin
chronic-->nitrate causing abortion
soluble oxalate-->hypocalcemia and kidney damage
unknown-->renal tubular damage in ruminants, pigs, horses
90
Clinical signs of pigweed ingestion?
depression, weakness, incoordination, renal failure
91
MOA of red maple leaf ingestion?
unknown toxin in dried leaves-->hemolytic anemia, hemoglo binemia, heinz bodies
92
Clinical signs of red maple leaf ingestion?
anorexia, depression, anemia, icterus, brown MM, hemoglobinuria, dyspnea, cyanosis, death
93
MOA of senna ingestion?
unknown mechanism-->skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy
anthroquinone-->cathartic
94
Clinical signs of senna ingestion?
D+, muscle weakness, recumbancy, good appetite, myoglobinura, coffee colored urine, tachycardia, death
95
MOA of yellow star thistle and russian knapweed ingestion?
toxins interact w/ dopamine transporters resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain
96
Clinical signs of yellow star thistle and knapweed ingestion?
equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) or chewing dz
97
MOA of macadamia nut ingestion?
unknown and the toxin is unknown
98
Clinical signs of macadamia nut ingestion?
dog-->weakness in hindlimbs, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, V+, colic, D+, pale MM
full recovery in 2 days
99
What are the plants that cause mechanical injury?
cactus family, jimsonweed seed pods, cocklebur seed pods
