Zoonotic diseases

Question 1

Why is it important to look out for zoonotic diseases?

Answer 1

Risk to owners 
Economic 
Foodborne disease
Very virulent
Look different in animals and humans

Question 2

What is bacillus and what are its characteristics?

Answer 2

Spore form gram positive bacteria catalyse positive aerobic

Question 3

What are the theee types of bacillus?

Answer 3

Licheniformis-abortion in cattle and sheep
Cereus-mastitis cattle, food poisoning in humans
Anthracis anthrax in most animals

Question 4

How does cutaneous anthrax spread in humans a horses/pigs?

Answer 4

Humans- slaughterhouse, vet,farmer,butchers spores from soil or meat, blood, milk, faeces,hair produces malignant pustule
Horses/pigs spores from soil
Spores Exeter wound and germinate multiply and release toxins

Question 5

What does cutaneous anthrax cause?

Answer 5

Painful lesions and very dark crust local odema and haemorrhage

Question 6

What is septicaemia anthrax?

Answer 6

Bacteria spread to the lymph nodes local LN inflammation
Bacteria spread to blood enlarged spleen
Bery rapid uncontrolled bacterial multiplication in blood

Question 7

What happens to a person who has septicaemia anthrax?

Answer 7

Bacteria use up the oxygen in the blood toxaemia bacteria clog up the capillary (capillary thrombosis) haemorrhage
Fluid loss via pulmonary odema
Circulatory collapse extreme hypoxia

Question 8

What are the clinical signs associated with anthrax before and after death?

Answer 8

Before 
Increased HR and resp rate 
Fever
Dark tar like blood
After 
Dark blood around orificies 
Incomplete rigor mortis

Question 9

What is the incubation period of septecemia anthrax?

Answer 9

Incubation period 1-14 days
Ruminants-rapid onset 1-2 hours
Humans-slightly slower onset death in 24 hours
Pigs- odema of the face throats and neck invasion of blood rare

Question 10

What is mycobacterium and what disease does it cause

?

Answer 10

M.tuberculosis TB opertunistic pathogen

Question 11

What are the general features of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Answer 11

Aerobic gram positive rods 
Culture-fine rods Tissue-plump rods
Non motile non sporulating 
Oxidative for sugars 
High cell wall lipid content

Question 12

What are the causes of tuberculosis in different hosts?

Answer 12

M.tuberculosis- humans and primates
M.bovis-cattle badgers
M.avium complex poultry
Most avian species

Question 13

How is tuberculosis spread?

Answer 13

Via excretions from an infected animal
Live in the faeces for 6 months
1-4 years in moist soil

Question 14

What is the pathogenesis of tuberculosis?

Answer 14

Ingested if inhaled
Local macrophages local lymph nodes
Spleen liver lungs
Microscopic fociof infection= badgers

Question 15

What are the differences between clinical and sub clinical TB?

Answer 15

Clinical
Continous growth of tubercle continous activity risk of spread
Subclinical
Latent TB

Question 16

What is the current program used to try and eradicate TB?

Answer 16

Badger culling 
Culling infected heard
No freedom of movement 
Property restrictions clean up must leave a month of animals culled before restocking can occur
Retest heard

Question 17

What treatment and prevention can be used for TB?

Answer 17

Antibiotics 3-4 antibiotics for a year

BCG vaccine not suitable for cattle as false positive for TB test

Question 18

What is leptospirosis?

Answer 18

20 different species associated with rodents

Vaccines for specific species cycles between wild and domestic animals

Question 19

How is leptospirosis spread?

Answer 19

Stagnant water and urine

Seasonal disease in temperature zones

Question 20

How is leptospirosis diagnosed?

Answer 20

PCR serology

Question 21

What clinical conditions are associated with leptospirosis?

Answer 21

Kidney disease
Jaundice
Aseptic meningitis

Question 22

What are important considerations for zoonotic diseases?

Answer 22

Owner awareness

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