Zoonoses Flashcards
What are zoonoses?
Infections that can pass between living animals and humans
What is the source of zoonoses?
The animal
What is anthroponosis?
A reverse of zoonoses - human infects animal
What are examples of bacterial zoonoses?
Salmonella Campylobacter Shigella Anthrax Brucella Ecoli Leptospirosis Plague
What are examples of viral zoonoses?
Rabies Bird flu Crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever Ebola Rift valley fever West nile fever Yellow fever
What are examples of parasitic zoonoses?
Cysticerosis Echinococcosis Toxoplasmosis Trichinellosis Visceral larva migrans
What are examples of fungal zoonoses?
Dermatophytoses
Sporotrichosis
How is rabies transmitted?
Bite of an infected animal
What are the most common animals for rabies to be transmitted from?
Dogs and bats
What are features of rabies?
Malaise Headache Fever Over production of saliva and tears Unable to swallow Mania Death by respiratory failure
How is rabies diagnosed?
PCR of saliva or CSF, but difficult and often is confirmed in post mortem
Is rabies fatal if untreated?
Yes
How is rabies managed?
Immediate prophylaxis after bite - human rabies immunoglobulin
4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days
How is brucellosis spread?
Milking infected animals
During parturition
Handling carcasses of infected animals
Consumption of unpasteurised milk
What are the three types of brucella?
Melitensis
Suis
Abortus
What animals can spread brucella to humans?
Goats Sheep Camels Pigs Cattle Buffalo
How does acute brucellosis present?
High undulant fever Weakness Headaches Drenching sweats Splenomegaly Lasts 1-3 weeks
How does subacute brucellosis present?
Fever and joint pains
Lasts over 1 month
How does chronic brucellosis present?
Flu-like symptoms Malaise Depression Chronic arthritis Endocarditis Epididymo-orchitis Meningism Splenomegaly
How is brucellosis treated?
Long acting doxyxycline for 2-3 months
Rifampicin
IM gemtamycin for first week
How can humans acquire leptospirosis?
Direct contact with the animal
Contact with environment
What are features of leptospirosis?
Undifferentiated fever, myalgia, headaches, abdominal pain
What are features of severe leptospirosis?
Weil’s disease
Pulmonary haemorrhage
What is Weil’s disease?
Triad of jaundice, acute kidney injury, bleeding
How is leptospirosis diagnosed?
Consider history - cattle farmer or exposure to water or rats
Culture
ELISA - not ideal
How is leptospirosis treated?
Doxycycline for mild disease, IV penicillin if severe
Dialysis and ventilation if required
What is Lyme Borrelios transmitted by?
Ticks - ixodes ricinus in Europe
What is erythema migrans?
Lesions of redness on the body
How long after initial tick bite does erythema migrans present?
3-90 days
What is acrodermatitis chronica atroficans?
Extensor surfaces become blueish-red, peripheral neuropathy is common
What are features of Lyme’s?
Erythema migrans Acrodermatitis chronica atroficans Lymphocytoma Neuroborreliosis Carditis Arthritis
What is neuroborreliosis?
Triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain, and lymphocytic meningitis
How is Lyme’s diagnosed?
Erythema migrans
Serology if anthrodermatitis chronica atroficans
Neuro symptoms, blood and CSF serology for neuroborreliosis
How is Lyme’s treated?
Oral doxycycline
Oral amoxicillin
IV ceftriaxone
How long is treatment taken for Lyme’s?
21 days
