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Infections > Travel related infection > Flashcards

Travel related infection Flashcards

1
Q

What makes travellers more vulnerable to infection?

A

Temptation to take risks away from home
Different epidemiology of some diseases
Incomplete understanding of health hazards
Stress of travel
Refugees - deprivation, malnutrition, disease, injury

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2
Q

What are examples of climate or environmental related health problems?

A 
Sunburn
Heat exhaustion
Fungal infections
Bacteria skin infections
Cold injury
Altitude sickness
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3
Q

What infections are controllable by improved sanitation?

A 
Travellers diarrhoea
Typhoid
Hep A or E
Giardiasis
Amoebiasis
Helminth infections
Viral gastroenteritis
Food poisoning
Shigella dysentry
Cholera
Cryptosporidiosis
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4
Q

What infections are controllable by immunisation?

A

Poliomyelitis

Diphtheria

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5
Q

What infections are controllable by education?

A

HIV

STDs

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6
Q

What are examples of water-related infections?

A 
Schistosomiasis
Leptospirosis
Liver flukes
Strongyloidasis
Hookworms
Guinea worms
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7
Q

What are examples of arthropod-borne infections?

A 
Malaria - mosquitos
Dengue fever - mosquitos
Rickettsial infections - ticks
Leishmaniasis - Sand flies
Trypanosomiasis - tsetse fly
Filariasis - mosquitos
Onchocerciasis - black flies
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8
Q

What are emerging infectious diseases?

A 
Zika virus in latin america and caribbean
Ebola virus in west Africa
Swine flu worldwide
Avian flu in China
SARS 
West Nile Virus
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9
Q

What are the important tropical diseases that need to be known?

A 
Malaria
Typhoid
Dengue Fever
Schistosomiasis
Rickettsiosis
Viral haemorrhagic fevers
Zika fever
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10
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

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11
Q

What species causes severe malaria?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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12
Q

What are symptoms of malaria?

A 
Fever
Rigors
Aching bones
Abdo pain
Headache
Dysuria
Frequency
Sore throat
Cough
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13
Q

What are possible signs of malaria?

A

Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Mild jaundice

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14
Q

What are potential complications of malaria?

A 
Cerebral malaria
Blackwater fever
Pulmonary oedema
Jaundice
Severe anaemia
Algid malaria
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15
Q

What is Blackwater fever?

A 
Severe intravascular haemolysis
high parastiaemia
profound anaemia
haemoglobinuria
acute renal failure
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16
Q

What are features of cerebral malaria?

A

Arching posture of back
Small brain infarcts
Convulsions
Hypoxia

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17
Q

What drugs should be used to treat malaria?

A

Malarone
Riamet
Quinone

18
Q

How is Malaria diagnosed?

A

Thick and thin bloodfilms
Quantitative buffy coat
Rapid antigen tests

19
Q

What are features indicative of complicated malaria?

A 
One or more of:
Impaired consciousness or seizures
Hypoglycaemia
Parasite count >2%
Haemoglobin<8mg/dL
Spontaneous bleeding
Haemoglobinuria
Renal impairment
pH<7.3
Pulmonary oedema or ARDS
Shock
20
Q

How is complicated malaria treated?

A

IV quinine plus oral doxycycline

21
Q

How is malaria controlled?

A

Mosquito breeding sites - drainage of standing water
Larvacides
Mosquito killing sprays
Human behaviour

22
Q

What are causative organisms of typhoid fever?

A

Salmonella typhi

Salmonella paratyphi

23
Q

What are clinical features in the 1st week of typhoid fever?

A 
Fever
Headache
Abdominal discomfort
Constipation
Dry cough
Relative bradycardia
Neutrophilia
Confusion
24
Q

What are clinical features in the 2nd week of typhoid fever?

A 
Fever peaks at 7-10 days
Rose spots
Diarrhoea begins
Tachycardia
Neutropenia
25
Q

What are complications in the 3rd week of typhoid fever?

A

Intestinal bleeding
Perforation
Peritonism
Metastatic infections

26
Q

How is typhoid fever diagnosed?

A

Blood culture
Urine cultures
Stool culture
Bone marrow culture

27
Q

How is typhoid fever treated?

A

Oral azithromycin - uncomplicated

IV ceftriaxone - complicated

28
Q

What species transmits dengue fever?

A

Aedes aegypti mosquito

29
Q

What are classical features of Dengue fever?

A 
Sudden fever
Severe headache, retro-orbital pain
Severe myalgia and arthralgia
Macular/maculopapular rash
Haemorrhagic signs - petechiae, purpura, positive tourniquet test
30
Q

How is dengue diagnosed?

A 
Thrombocytopenia
Leucopenia
Elevated transaminases
Positive tourniquet test
PCR
Serology
31
Q

What are potential complications of dengue?

A

Dengue haemorrhagic fever

Dengue shock syndrome

32
Q

What are vector organisms for schistosomiasis?

A

Freshwater snails

33
Q

What species cause schistosomiasis?

A

S.haematobium
S.mansoni
S.japonicum

34
Q

What is the progression of schistosomiasis?

A 
Swimmers itch
Invasive stage
Katayama fever
Acute disease
Chronic disease
35
Q

What are features of the invasive stage of schistosomiasis?

A

Cough
Abdominal discomfort
Splenomegaly
Eosinophilia

36
Q

How is schistosomiasis diagnosed?

A

Antibody tests
Ova in stools and urine
Rectal snip

37
Q

How is schistosomiasis treated?

A

Praziquantel 20mg/kg

38
Q

What are clinical features of rickettsiosis?

A 
Abrupt onset swinging fever
Headache
Confusion
Endovasculitis
Rash
Bleeding
39
Q

How is rickettsiosis diagnosed?

A

Serology

40
Q

How is rickettsiosis treated?

A

Tetracycline

41
Q

What are features of zika?

A 
Mild symptoms
Headache
Rash
Fever
Malaise
Conjunctivitis
Joint pains
Can cause microcephaly and other neuro problems in pregnancy

Infections (14 decks)

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