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Infections > Meningitis > Flashcards

Meningitis Flashcards

1
Q

What are bacterial causes of meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis - meningococcal

Streptococcus pneumoniae - Pneumococcus

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2
Q

What are bacterial causes of meningitis only in neonates?

A

E.coli

Group B streptococci

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3
Q

What viruses can cause meningitis?

A

Enteroviruses
Mumps
Herpes simplex virus

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4
Q

What fungi can cause meningitis?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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5
Q

What are symptoms of meningism?

A

Headache
Photophobia
Neck stiffness
(Vomiting)

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6
Q

What are symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

A

Meningism symptoms
Lethargy
Clouding of consciousness
Fever

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7
Q

What cranial nerves may have palsy in meningitis?

A

VI
VII
VIII

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8
Q

What are associated risk factors for meningitis?

A

Recent skull trauma
Alcoholism
Diabetes mellitus
Exposure to recently infected people

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9
Q

What are general features in examination of meningitis?

A

Is the patient pyrexial
Assess levels of consciousness
Conjunctival petechiae
Rashes

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10
Q

What are CVS features of examination of meningitis?

A

Tachycardia/bradycardia

Blood pressure - hypotension suggests septic shock

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11
Q

What signs can be demonstrated in meningitis?

A

Kernig’s sign

Flex the neck to attempt to touch chin to chest - difficult with neck stiffness

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12
Q

What is Kernig’s sign?

A

Patient’s leg can’t be straightened with flexed hip due to hamstring spasm

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13
Q

How is meningitis diagnosed?

A

Lumbar puncture

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14
Q

What tests should be done on CSF in meningitis?

A 
Gram stain/culture
Differential cell count
Antigen detection test
Glucose level
Protein level
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15
Q

What are normal CSF findings?

A 
Clear appearance
Small numbers of cells
Predominant cell type is lymphocytes
Normal glucose - 60% of blood level
Normal protein
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16
Q

What are bacterial meningitis CSF features?

A 
Turbid appearance
Greatly increased cell count
Predominant cell type is neutrophils
Reduced glucose
Greatly increased protein
17
Q

What are viral meningitis CSF features?

A 
Clear to turbid appearance
Moderate increase in cells
Predominantly cell type is lymphocytes
Normal glucose level
Moderate increase in protein
18
Q

Where do bacteria causing bacterial meningitis typically originate?

A

Nasopharynx colonisation

19
Q

What antibiotics are used for bacterial meningitis?

A

Benzypenicillin

Ceftriaxone

20
Q

What type of rash is seen in meningococcal meningitis?

A

Petechial

21
Q

What is fulminant meningococcal septicaemia?

A

Suddenness of symptoms with rapid deterioration in consciousness, fever, systemic shock, renal failure, and DIC

22
Q

What are bad prognostic markers for meningococcal disease?

A 
Delay of antibiotics
Extremes of age
Purpuric lesions
Hyperpyrexia >40
DIC
Metabolic acidosis

Infections (14 decks)

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