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Infections > Zoonoses > Flashcards

Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

Define zoonoses?

A

WHO: Animal infections that can cross the species barrier to infect humans, not infections like malaria that require humans for part of their life cycle.

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2
Q

What are the major zoonoses?

A

Rabies
Brucellosis
Lyme’s Disease
Leptospirosis

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3
Q

What organism causes rabies?

A

The Lyssavirus

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4
Q

How is rabies transmitted and how does it affect you?

A

From bites of infected animals mainly dogs and bats.

It spreads via peripheral nerves to infect the CNS –> Acute encephalitits

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5
Q

How does rabies present?

A

Non-specific symptoms of malaise, headache, lethargy, fever and eventually coma.
Also mania, overproduction of tears/saliva, hydrophobia, inability to swallow
Eventually most untreated patients will die of resp. failure

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6
Q

How do you test for and treat rabies?

A

PCR saliva or CSF and confirm with a post-mortem brain biopsy (if they die)

Treat with PEP:

  • Human Rabies Immunoglobulin (HRIG)
  • 4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days
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7
Q

What causes brucellosis?

A

Brucella

A small ggram-ve coccobacilli

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8
Q

How do you get brucellosis?

A

Comes from cattle:

  • Infected milk
  • Handling carcasses
  • Unpasteurized Dairy products
  • During parturition
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9
Q

How does brucellosis present?

A

Acute infection has non-specific symptoms, notably drenching sweat, high undulent fever, weakness and headaches. Splenomegaly

Subacute (>1month) comes with fever and joint pain

A chronic infection (months to years) has flu-like symptoms, malaise, depression, arthritis, endocarditis and epididymo-orchitis

So think of brucella whenever you see non-specific illness with exposure risk or a high undulent fever resistant to Abx

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10
Q

How do we treat Brucellosis?

A

Long acting Doxycycline for 2-3months
+ Oral rifampicin or IM gentamicin for 1 wk

If they have CNS manifestations add 2 wks of cotrimoxazole

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11
Q

What organisms cause leptospirosis

A

Certain spirochaetes.

Mostly L. Hardjo (Cattle) and L. Icterohaemorrhagica (rats)

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12
Q

How do you get leptospirosis?

A

Today most people get it from water infected with animals urine, particularly swimming in lakes in africa

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13
Q

How does leptospirosis present?

A

FEver - Myalgia - Headaches - Abdo Pain

Severe disease aka Weil’s Disease = triad of AKI/Jaundice/Bleeding

IT may also cause pulm haemorrhage

So think of it in fevered/fluey cattle farmers or people with exposure to water/rats

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14
Q

How do you test for Leptospirosis?

A

ELISA serology
PCR
Culture (slow)

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15
Q

How do we treat leptospirosis?

A

Doxycycline for mild
IV penicillin if severe

Dialysis for AKI and mechanical ventilation

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16
Q

What causes Lyme’s Disease?

A

Borrellia Burgdorferi

A spirochaete found in wild deer and transmitted via ticks

17
Q

How does Acute Lyme’s present?

A

Erythema Migrans.

single or multiple red rings on the skin near the bite (3-90 days post infection)

18
Q

Lyme’s has many different late presentations, describe ACA?

A

Acrodermatitis Chronica Atroficans (ACA)

The extensor surfaces of the extremities (E.g. back of legs) turn bluish-red over months or years, often with a peripheral neuropathy

19
Q

Lyme’s has many different late presentations, describe a lymphocytoma?

A

A bluish solitary nodule that appears on the earlobes or areolas, mainly of kids.

20
Q

Lyme’s has many different late presentations, describe NB?

A

Neuroborrelliosis (NB)

Occurs 2-6 wks post bite
Triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain & lymphocytic meningitis

21
Q

Lyme’s has many different late presentations, can you name 5?

A 
Acrodermatitis Chronica Atroficans (ACA)
Neuroborrelliosis (NB)
Lymphocytoma
Arthritis (large joint)
Cardiac Disorders e.g. perimyocarditis & heartblocks
22
Q

How do you diagnose Lyme’s Disease?

A

Clinically based on the presentation.

ELISA serology -> Immunoblot test to confirm

23
Q

How is Lyme’s Disease treated?

A

Oral Doxycycline OR Oral amoxicillin OR IV ceftriaxone

For 21 days but if they have arthritis or ACA up it to 4 wks.

24
Q

What are Anthroponosis?/

A

The reverse of Zoonoses- from human to animal

25
Q

How do the pathogens of zoonoses survive?

A

Chronic infection

Non-human reservoir

26
Q

What are the three species of Brucellosis and which is the most common?

A

Melitensis- most virulent
Suis
Abortus

Infections (18 decks)

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